Communication Overview

Instrumental communication

used to ask for something

Regulatory communication

used to give directions and to direct others

Interactional communication

used to interact and converse with others in a social way

Personal communication

used to express a state of mind or feelings about something

Heuristic communication

used to find out information and to inquire

Imaginative communication

used to tell stories and to role‐play

Informative communication

used to provide an organized description of an event or object

Communication

The process by which two or more people share information, including facts, thoughts, ideas, and feelings.

Formulation

The process of pulling together one’s thoughts or ideas before sharing them with another

Transmission

The process of conveying those ideas to another person, often by speaking but also by signing, gesturing, or writing.

Reception

The process of receiving information from another person

Comprehension

The process of making sense of that information.

Modality

Describes the manner in which information is transmitted and received.

3 Essential Components of Communication

(1) A sender to formulate and transmit a message

(2) A receiver to receive and comprehend the message,

(3) A shared means of communicating.

Feedback

Information provided by the receiver to the sender.

Linguistic feedback

Speaking, such as saying, “I totally agree,” “I hear what you are saying,” or “Wait, I don’t get it.”

Nonlinguistic feedback / extralinguistic feedback

Includes the use of eye contact, facial expression, posture, and proximity.

Paralinguistic feedback

Includes the use of pitch, loudness, and pausing, all of which are superimposed on linguistic feedback.

Conversational Repair

A complex, interactive, and pragmatic process in human language which allows speakers to signal to one another that a miscommunication has occurred.

What is main purpose of communication?

To provide and solicit information.

Effective Communication

Occurs when information is successfully shared between a sender and a receiver; there is no breakdown in formulation, transmission, reception, or comprehension.

Effective Communicator

One whose communications with others are effective most of the time.

• They communicate through modalities shared by people in their lives and communities, such as speaking and hearing, reading and writing, signing, or even texting.

• They avoid communication breakdowns by responding to and giving feedback during conversations.

• They use communication for diverse purposes: to ask for things, to direct others, to interact with others in a social way, to express their own feelings, to find out information, and to tell stories.

Principle of quantity

When we communicate, we need to give just the right amount and type of information; we need to use clear vocabulary and we should not be redundant.

Principle of quality

When we communicate, we are expected to be accurate and truthful.

Principle of relevance

When we communicate, we are to maintain the topic at hand and make contributions that relate to the topic.

Principle of manner

When we communicate, we are to talk at the right pace, taking pauses as needed but not longer than called for. We are to use appropriate loudness and pitch, and engage in eye contact as expected by cultural norms.

What are the essential ingredients of communication?

1. Language

2. Speech

3. Hearing

Transmission utilizes

Speech

Formulation and comprehension utilizes

Language

Reception utilizes

Hearing

What are the fundamental elements of spoken communication?

Language, speech, and hearing

Communication disorders are generally differentiated into which three broad categories (alongside which extra smaller category)?

disorders of language

disorders of speech

hearing loss

disorders of feeding and swallowing (extra)

Developmental Disorders

Disorders present at or soon after birth, and symptoms are manifested as children develop.

Acquired Disorders

Disorders which can occur at any age and are usually as the result of an injury.