Chapter 13 and 14 psychology

personality

the unique and relatively stable way a person thinks, acts, and feels

4 main persoanlity perspectives

psychodynamic

behavioral & social cognitive

humanistic

Psychodynamic

focuses on unconscious mind and childhood experience

Behavioral and social cognitive

focuses on the environment’s effect

Humanistic

focuses on person’s choices

Trait

focuses on personality traits

Conscious

thoughts, feelings, and memories that a person is aware of at any given moment

Preconscious

thoughts, feelings, and memories that a person is not aware of at the moment but can be brought to consciousness

Unconscious

(the primary motivating force of behavior) thoughts, feelings, and desires that we are not aware of and will never be brought into consciousness

Three parts of personality

Id

Ego

superego

Id

* present at birth
* completely unconscious
* contains all of our drives (sex, hunger, thirst)
* operates on the pleasure principles- seeks pleasure, avoids pain, & wants immediate gratification of its desires

Ego

* develops around 1 year of age
* serves to satisfy Id’s urges

operates according to the reality principles-considers the constraints of the real world, determines appropriate times, places and objects to satisfy the id

Superego

* developer around 6
* moral system of the personality

contains the conscience- produces pride or guilt depending on how acceptance a behavior is or whether the behavior goes punished or not

Defense mechanism

an unconscious irrational means used by the Ego to defend against anxiety and maintain self esteem

Repression

Removing an unpleasant memory or barring disturbing impulses or thoughts from consciousness

Identification

trying to become more like someone else to deal with anxiety

Projection

placing one’s own undesirable thoughts onto others rather than acknowledging the unacceptable things about themselves

Denial

refusing to acknowledge the existences of danger or a threatening condition

Rationalization

supplying a logical rational, socially acceptance reason rather than the real reason

compensation

trying to make u for areas in which one perceives they lack by becoming superior in something else

reaction formation

forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is opposite of one’s actual thoughts or attitude that re socially unacceptable

Displacement

expressing feelings to a less threatening substitute object rather than the actual right

sublimation

re-channeling unacceptable urges into social acceptable behavior

regression

reverting back to childlike behavior

Libido

is the most influential factor for personality development

oral stage (birth to 18 months)

Erogenous zone- mouth

conflict of weaning- too early or too late causing fixation

Fixation results in gullibility or aggression

Anal stage (18 months to 3 years)

Erogenous zone moves to the anus

conflict of toilet training

fixation can cause

anal expulsive personality

anal retentive personality

Anal expulsive personality

sloppy, destructive, rebellious, hostile irrespirable

Anal retentive personality

stubborn, rigid, excessively neat, perfectionist

Phallics stage (3 to 6 years)

Erogenous zone moves to the genitals

Conflict of Oedipus complex (boys) or Electra complex (girls

children have sexual feelings for their opposite-sex parent and hostile feelings for their some sex parent

Latency stage (6 years until puberty)

libido is repressed- no erogenous zone

child develops in other areas (cognitive, social, physical) and can focus on school, play activities, hobbies and sports

Genital stage (puberty on)

libido is weaken- erogenous zone is still in genitals

focus of sexual energy shifts to opposite sex peers

Carl Jung

Conceived of the personality as consisting of three parts

* ego
* personal unconscious
* collective unconscious

Ego

conscious part of personality that carries out normal daily activities

Personal Unconscious

contains all of the thoughts and experiences that are accessible to conscious as well as repressed memories and impulses

collective unconscious

contains the universal experiences of humankind transmitted to each individual, including archetypes

Archetype

an inherited tendency to respond in particular ways to universal human situations types: Persona, shadow, anima, animus

Persona

the public face one shows to the world

Shadow

the negative side that we try to hide

anima

the inner female figure within men

Animus

the inner male figure within women

Alfred Adler

superiority is the main factor for personality development

* we compare ourselves to others
* we use compensation to deal with inferiority

Inferiority complex

the inability to over come feelings of inferiority and it impedes our development

Karen Horney

love, affection, and security we receive from family are the main factors for personality development

* the lack of love, affection, and security results in maladaptive behaviors or neurotic personalities

Erik Erikson

believed personality develops throughout the life span, including adult years

* We go through a social crisis during each stage of life that must be resolved

Behavioral view

personality is learned

social cognitive view

personality is influenced by reinforcement, observing others, imitating others, and by cognitive process

Reciprocal determinism (Albert bandora)

3 factors influence each other and determines personality (environment, behavior, and personal/cognitive factors)

Self efficacy

the person’s expectancy of how effective his efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

(How competent am I ?)

High- more persistent, expects to succeed

low-avoid challenges, expects to fail

Locus of control

how people account for what happens in their lives

internal locus of control

belief that one is primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences; highly achievement motivation

External locus of control

belief that what happens is in the hands of fate, luck, or chance

Humanistic perspective

focuses on the uniqueness of the individual and choices

self actualizing tendency

the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities

self concept

the image about oneself; develops from interactions with significant people consist of

real self

ideal self

real self

one’s perceptions of actual characteristics, traits and abilities

ideal self

one’s perceptions of whom one should be or would like to be

Conditions of worth

messages about what we must do to be worthy

conditional positive regard

warmth, affection, love and respect that comes from significant others that is given only when the person is doing what the providers wish

fully functioning person

a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

unconditional postive regard

no strings attached to receive warmth, affection, love and respect

Trait perspective

theories that describe the characteristics that make up personality in an effort to predict future behavior

all port

we inherit tendencies that are shaped by the environment; the constellation of traits makes us unique

Cardinal trait

strong part of our personality

Central Trait

briefs list of traits that describe a person

Cattell

everyone has the same traits, the extent is different

surface traits

observable traits of a person

source traits

deeper qualities; universal traits

five factor model (big-five)

five broad dimensions that are composed of a cluster of personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism)

trait situation interaction

the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way a trait is expressed

Openness

Higher scorer characteristics: creative and curious

lower scorer characteristics: down to earth

Conscientiousness

higher scorer characteristics:organized, neat 

lower scorer characteristics: unreliable and lazy 

extraaversion

higher scorer characteristics: talkative and affectionate

Lower scorer characteristics: comfortable being alone

agreeableness

higher scorer characteristics: good-natured and trusting

lower scorer characteristics: rude and competitive

neuroticism

higher scorer characteristics: insecure and anxious

lower scorer characteristics: calm and stable

Interviews

asking questions about one’s behavior or thoughts

halo effect

tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessment of the clients’s behavior and statements

frequency counts

the frequency of a particular behavior is counted during an observation

rating scales

a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

Projective tests

assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the Client, responds with whatever comes to mind used to reveal inner feelings, conflicts and motives

Draw-a-person

reflects the client’s view of self

house-tree-person

comparisons made and reflects the client’s view of self

Rorschach Inkblots

the test taker reports what they see in 10 different inkblots

Thematic apperception test

the test taker creates a story based on drawings of ambiguous human situations

Personality Inventories

tests that consists of statements that require a specific standardized responses from the person taking the test types: NEO-PI, Myers-Briggs Types Indicators, MMPI-2

NEO-PI

based on the five factors model

Myers-Briggs Type indicators

based on Jung’s theory of personality types

MMPI-2

designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking pattens in personality

Psychopathology

the study of abnormal behavior

Ways to define abnormal behavior

1. is the behavior unusual or goes against social norms
2. does the behavior cause significants subjective
3. is the behavior maladaptive or result in the inability to function
4. is the person a danger to self or others

Insanity

not having the ability to differentiate between right and wrong

Psychological disorder

patterns of behavior that causes significant emotional distress, substantial impairment in daily functioning, or causes harm to self or others

what causes psychological disorders

theories or perspective attempt to explain why

Biological

caused by biological or medical reasons

Psychodynamic

Stem from early childhood experiences and unresolved, unconscious sexual or aggressive conflicts

Behavioral

abnormal behavior are learned and sustained through reinforcement

Cognitive

abnormal behavior is caused by faulty thinking or distorted perception

Sociocultural Perspective

abnormal behavior is the product of behavioral shaping within the context of family, social, and cultural influences

Biopsychosocial perspective

abnormal behavior is a result in the combination of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences

Diagnostic and Statistical manual , 5th edition (DSM-5)

manual or psychological disorders and their symptoms