MAN 3025 EXAM 2

Job Enrichment

An alternative to job specialization that increases both the number of tasks a worker does and the control the worker has over the job.

Job Characteristics Approach

Suggests jobs should be diagnosed and improved along five core dimensions, considering the work system and employee preferences.

Work Teams

Groups design the work system they will use to perform an interrelated set of tasks.

Job Rotation

Systematically moving employees from one job to another.

Job Enlargement

Increases the total number of tasks a worker performs.

Departmentalization & Structure

Departmentalization

The process of grouping jobs according to some logical arrangement.

Functional Departmentalization

Grouping jobs involving similar activities.

Product Departmentalization

Grouping activities around products or product groups.

Customer Departmentalization

Grouping activities to respond to specific customer groups.

Location Departmentalization

Grouping jobs by geographic areas.

Chain of Command

A clear and distinct line of authority among positions in an organization.

Span of Management

Number of people who report to a manager.

Delegation

Managers assign part of their workload to others.

Decentralization

Systematically delegating authority to lower/middle managers.

Centralization

Retaining authority at higher levels of management.

Coordination

Linking activities of different departments.

Pooled Interdependence

Units operate independently; outputs pooled at organizational level.

Sequential Interdependence

One unit’s output becomes input for another.

Reciprocal Interdependence

Activities flow both ways between units.

Differentiation

Extent the organization is broken into subunits.

Integration

Degree to which subunits must work together.

Mechanistic Organization

Rigid, formal, bureaucratic structure; stable environments.

Organic Organization

Flexible, informal model; unstable environments.

Team Organization

Relies on project-type teams, minimal hierarchy.

Matrix Design

Uses two overlapping bases of departmentalization.

Virtual Organization

Little or no formal structure.

Learning Organization

Facilitates lifelong learning, adapts to changing demands.

Innovation & Change

Radical Innovation

A product, service, or tech that completely replaces an existing one.

Incremental Innovation

Modifies an existing product, service, or technology.

Technical Innovation

Change in product/service appearance or performance, or the processes used.

Product Innovation

Change in the characteristics or performance of a product/service or creation of a new one.

Process Innovation

Change in the way a product/service is made or distributed.

Managerial Innovation

Change in the management process of an organization.

Intrapreneurs

Employees who develop new businesses within a large organization.

Organizational Change

Substantive modification to any part of the organization.

Planned Change

Designed and implemented proactively.

Reactive Change

Response to circumstances as they develop.

Organizational Development (OD)

Planned, top-down interventions to increase organizational effectiveness using behavioral science.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Large-scale system integrating and synchronizing organizational activities.

Business Process Change

Radical redesign of processes to achieve major gains.

Human Resource Management

Recruiting

Attracting individuals to apply for open jobs.

Internal Recruiting

Considering current employees for higher-level positions.

External Recruiting

Attracting applicants from outside the organization.

Realistic Job Preview (RJP)

Shows applicants a realistic view of the job.

Validation

Ensuring a selection device predicts future performance.

Training

Teaching employees to perform their current jobs.

Development

Teaching managers/professionals skills for current and future roles.

Performance Appraisal

Formal assessment of employee performance.

Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)

Rating method using behavioral anchors.

360-Degree Feedback

Performance appraisal by boss, peers, and subordinates.

Compensation

Financial payment for work.

Benefits

Non-financial value provided by organization.

Job Evaluation

Assessing relative worth of each job.

Labor Relations

Dealing with employees represented by unions.

Collective Bargaining

Negotiating labor contracts.

Grievance Procedure

Mechanism to enforce labor contracts.

Employee Behavior & Psychology

Contributions

What an individual provides to the organization.

Inducements

What the organization provides to the individual.

Person-Job Fit

Match between contributions and inducements.

Emotional Intelligence

Self-awareness, emotion management, empathy, social skills.

Attitudes

Complex of beliefs and feelings about ideas, situations, or people.

Job Satisfaction

Extent to which work gratifies an individual.

Organizational Commitment

Identification with and attachment to organization.

Organizational Engagement

Active involvement and contribution to the organization.

Positive Affectivity

Tendency to be upbeat, optimistic, in a good mood.

Negative Affectivity

Tendency to be pessimistic, downbeat, in a bad mood.

Perception

How individuals interpret information about the environment.

Selective Perception

Screening out information that contradicts beliefs.

Stereotyping

Categorizing people by a single attribute.

Attribution

Observing behavior and assigning causes.

Cognitive Dissonance

Conflict between attitudes.

Stress

Response to strong stimulus (stressor).

Burnout

Exhaustion from prolonged stress.

Creativity

Ability to generate new ideas or perspectives.

Workplace Behaviors

Actions that affect organizational effectiveness.

Absenteeism

Not showing up for work.

Turnover

Employees leaving jobs.

Dysfunctional Behaviors

Actions that detract from organizational performance.

Laws & Regulations

Title VII of Civil Rights Act (1964)

Forbids employment discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Enforces Title VII.

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)

Outlaws age discrimination (40+).

Affirmative Action

Hiring underrepresented groups intentionally.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Prohibits disability discrimination.

Civil Rights Act (1991)

Easier discrimination lawsuits, limits punitive damages.

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

Sets minimum wage, overtime pay rules.

Equal Pay Act (1963)

Men and women must be paid equally for same work.

Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)

Regulates pensions.

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

12 weeks unpaid leave for family/medical emergencies.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Employees vote on union representation; establishes NLRB.

Labor Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley Act)

Limits union power.