MCN 3M RLE Catheterization

Catheter

Catheter

A catheter is a flexible and tiny tube that may be used to inject or remove fluids from the body.

Catheterization

The process of introducing a catheter into the body or of inserting and withdrawing a soft, hollow tube from the body.

Indwelling Catheter

Catheters that are maintained in place by a water-filled balloon inside the bladder and last for several days or weeks. Additionally referred to as Foley Catheters.

Intermittent Catheter

A urinary catheters are advised in the majority of situations. Several times every day, these catheters are placed, left in place for just long enough to drain your bladder, and then taken out which is why they are also referred to as Short-term Catheters.

Micturition

The act of emptying the urinary bladder, can also be referred to as voiding or urinating. Urine builds up in the bladder until pressure activates stretch receptors, which are specialized sensory nerve endings in the bladder wall. Children's bladders can only store 50 to 200 mL of urine before it triggers the stretch receptors, but adult bladders can hold up to 250 to 450 mL.

Urinary Urgency

It is a sudden, overpowering need to void. It frequently occurs in those with weak external sphincter control and unstable bladder contractions.

Urinary Hesitancy

a delay and difficulty attempting to urinate. It's frequently associated with dysuria.

Urinary Retention

The bladder’s ability to empty properly is impaired, causing urine build up and resulting in the bladder to swell. Overextension of the bladder results in weak detrusor muscle contraction, which further hinders urination.

Incontinence

Any unintentional urine leakage is known as urinary incontinence, or UI. There are numerous UI types that are categorized according to their symptoms, namely stress, urgency, mixed, overflow, and transient and functional.

Diuresis

is when the body is forced to produce urine, often by an external force like a diuretic medicine or herb. Diuresis frequently occurs because it is necessary, typically as a result of the body being overloaded with fluid.

Polyuria

The kidneys' excessively high production of urine, frequently several liters over the individual's typical daily output. Excessive fluid loss brought on by polyuria can result in severe thirst, dehydration, and weight loss. It is brought on by a disease state, such as diabetes, and is not the result of some external force or medical intervention.

Oliguria

Low urine production, or oliguria, is often less than 500 mL per day or 30 mL per hour for an adult. Oliguria should be immediately reported to the primary care physician, even if it may be caused by irregular fluid losses or a lack of fluid intake. It frequently denotes decreased blood supply to the kidneys or approaching renal failure.

Anuria

Means "no urine" or "without urine." It mainly indicates that you aren't urinating or that your kidneys aren't producing any urine.

Dysuria

is painful or difficult urination, can be present in conjunction with urinary infections, bladder and urethral injuries, urethral stricture, and other conditions. Clients frequently report that they have to push to void or that burning occurs before or after voiding.

Hematuria

The presence of blood in the urine may be brought on by a cancer, a bladder or kidney damage, a bladder, prostate, kidney, or urethral inflammation or infection

Pyuria

A urinary condition known as pyuria is characterized by an excessive amount of white blood cells in the urine. Pyuria can make the urine seem cloudy or pus-like.

Bacteriuria

can be symptomatic or asymptomatic, is the presence of bacteria in the urine. A patient who has asymptomatic bacteriuria is one who has one or more organisms colonized in their urine sample but no symptoms of illness. Symptomatic bacteriuria is linked to a urinary tract infection, often brought on by a single organism.

Nocturia

is the term used to describe the need to get out of bed to urinate twice or more within the span of the night.

Pneumaturia

Is the term used to describe the passing of air bubbles in the urine.

The kidneys

are situated posterior to the peritoneum, also known as retroperitoneal, in the abdominal cavity, on each side of the vertebral column. With the left _ below the spleen and the right _ situated just under the liver.

Function:

● They are the body's main regulators of fluid and acid-base balance.

● The nephrons, which make up the kidneys' functional components, filter blood and eliminate metabolic waste.

Ureters

The renal pelvis of the kidney and the posterior inferior section of the urinary bladder are connected by small tubes called _____, which transmit urine.

Urinary Bladder

● Urethra The muscular, hollow urinary bladder acts as both a storage place for urine and an excretory organ.

● Due to the elasticity of its walls and the rugae (folds) in the mucous membrane lining, it is susceptible of significant distention.

Urethra

Function:

● In females, the urethra's main role is to allow the passage of urine from the bladder to the outside during urination.

● In males, the urethra has the same function for urine but also serves as a channel for transporting semen during ejaculation, facilitating the release of sperm and seminal fluids

Importance of Catheterization

● Allows urine to drain if there are obstructions in the urethra

● Enables the clients to urinate if they have bladder weakness or nerve damage

● Reduces the risk of infection and kidney damage

● Helps in emptying the bladder without assistance, either permanently, or on a 15 temporary basis, like in surgeries.

Common factors affecting urinary elimination

• Growth and Development

• Socio-cultural

• Psychological

• Muscle tone

• Urine Volume Status

• Medical Conditions

• Surgical Intervention

• Pharmaceutical effects

Urinary Tract Infection

is an infection in any part of your urinary system. This infection is most often caused by microbes such as fungi, bacteria, and virus and involves the kidneys, ureters, urethra or bladder. This condition can be very painful, and the consequences can get critical if the infection spreads to the kidneys. Women are at greater risk of developing a _ than are men. Infection limited to your bladder can be painful and annoying. However, serious consequences can occur if a _ spreads to your kidneys.

Urinary Retention

s a condition where your bladder doesn’t empty all the way or at all when you urinate.

Urinary incontinence

the loss of bladder control — is a common and often embarrassing problem. The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to having an urge to urinate that's so sudden and strong you don't get to a toilet in time.

Straight or Robinson

The straight catheter is a single-lumen tube with a small eye or opening about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) from the insertion tip.

Foley or Indwelling Catheter: 2-Way Foley

● two-way retention catheter is bifurcated; it has two openings, one to drain the urine, the other to inflate the balloon

Foley or Indwelling Catheter: 3-Way Foley

● The three-way catheter has a third lumen through which sterile irrigating fluid can flow into the bladder.

Elbow

● Has a curved tip, sometimes used for men who have a hypertrophied prostate, because its tip is somewhat stiffer than a regular catheter and thus it can be better controlled during insertion, and passage is often less traumatic.

Condom Catheter

catheters are external urinary catheters that are worn like a condom. They collect urine as it drains out of your bladder and send it to a collection bag strapped to your leg. They’re typically used by men who have urinary incontinence (can’t control their bladder).

Whistle tip Catheter

● A ____ is open at the end and allows drainage of large amounts of debris (e.g., blood clots). Used for access and catheterization of the urinary tract, including the following applications:

● Delivery of contrast media

● Drainage of fluids from the urinary tract

● Delivery of irrigation fluids to the urinary tract

● Navigation of a tortuous ureter

● Access, advancement, or exchange of wire guides (open-ended catheters only)

Filiform Catheter

Are smaller than urethral catheters and more likely to pass through narrowings of the urethra. The followers can then be used to dilate the narrowing to a size suitable for passage of a urethral catheter.

Prezzer catheter

is a self-retaining urethral catheter with a bulbous end. Pezzers are latex drains that are typically used for nephrostomy drainage.

Malecot Catheter

● It is a reusable, self-retaining, radio opaque catheter made up of India rubber and has a flower at the tip. The flower helps to keep the catheter in place and prevents its accidental removal. Initially it was used for bladder drainage in females.

Indwelling / Foley / Retention

Type of Catheterization that is inserted in the same way as an intermittent catheter, but the catheter is left in place. The catheter is held in the bladder by a water-filled balloon, which prevents it from falling out. These types of catheters are often known as Foley catheters.

Intermittent / Single Use

● These catheters are inserted several times a day, for just long enough to drain your bladder, and then removed.

Indications for Intermittent Catheterization

● Decompression of the bladder.

● Collection of urine samples for sterile or non-sterile specimens.

● Acute urinary retention with or without bladder outlet obstruction.

● Chronic urinary retention with or without bladder outlet obstruction.

● Instillations of medications into the bladder.

● Measurement of residual urine volume post void.

● Provide relief of discomfort from bladder distention.

● Management of patients with spinal cord injury, neuromuscular degeneration, or incompetent bladders.

Indications for Indwelling Catheterization (Short term)

● Post-surgery and in critically ill patients to monitor urinary output.

● Prevention of urethral obstruction from blood clots with continuous or intermittent bladder irrigations.

● Instillation of medication into the bladder.

● Surgical procedures involving pelvic or abdominal surgery repair of the bladder, urethra, and surrounding structures.

● Urinary obstruction (e.g., enlarged prostate), acute urinary retention.

Indications for Indwelling Catheterization (Long-term)

● Refractory bladder outlet obstruction and neurogenic bladder with urinary retention.

● Prolonged and chronic urinary retention.

● To promote healing of perineal ulcers where urine may cause further skin breakdown.

Contraindications of catheterization

● Blood at the meatus

● Gross hematuria (Visible blood in the urine)

● Evidence of urethral infection

● Urethral pain or discomfort

● Low bladder volume/compliance

Scientific Principles of Catheterization

• Anatomy and Physiology

• Microbiology

• Physics

• Chemistry

• Pharmacology

• Psychology

• Sociology

• Time and Energy

• Body Mechanics

Urinalysis

Type of urine Specimen collection where the test analyzes the urine's appearance, chemical, and microscopic aspects. It is a valuable tool for the early identification and monitoring of a number of medical conditions, such as diabetes, kidney issues, and urinary tract infections.

Clean catch or Midstream

It is a type of urine collecting method that lessens the risk of contamination and gives an accurate representation of the urine's composition. When you urinate, the initial stream of urine may contain contaminants from the urethra, which could affect the test findings.

Sterile specimen

The type of urine specimen collection where it requires careful precaution to avoid contamination while collecting biological samples like urine. This is crucial for performing accurate diagnostic procedures. The method requires hygienic preparation, the use of sterile tools, cleaning the collecting location, and properly labelling the sample.

24-Hour Urine Specimen

This urine specimen collection procedure evaluates kidney function. Urine is collected over the course of a complete 24-hour period and placed in a specific container for a 24-hour urine collection.