11th Grade Biology - Unit 3 Test Part 1

Microscope

An instrument that magnifies small objects so they can be observed in detail

Eyepiece (ocular lens)

Lens you look through; usually magnifies 10x

Objective lenses

Lenses of varying magnification (e.g. 4x

Stage

Flat platform where the slide is placed

Stage clips

Hold the slide in place on the stage

Light source

Provides illumination for viewing the specimen

Diaphragm

Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

Coarse adjustment knob

Moves the stage for rough focusing

Fine adjustment knob

Moves the stage slightly for precise focusing

Cell stains

Substances used to color cells or cell parts to make them easier to see

Cell theory

The idea that all living things are made of cells

Principle 1 of cell theory

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

Principle 2 of cell theory

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things

Principle 3 of cell theory

All cells come from preexisting cells

Prokaryote

A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Examples of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria

Prokaryotic organisms with cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Archaea

Prokaryotic organisms often living in extreme environments with distinct cell wall chemistry

Eukaryote

A cell containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Protists

Diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

Plant cell

Eukaryotic cell with a cell wall

Animal cell

Eukaryotic cell without a cell wall or chloroplasts

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of chitin

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have them

Cell membrane

Thin boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell

Lipid bilayer

Double layer of phospholipids forming the cell membrane

Selectively permeable

Allows some substances to pass through but blocks others

Nucleus

Controls cell activities and stores DNA

Mitochondria

Produces energy through cellular respiration

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Network that transports materials in the cell

Rough ER

ER with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis

Smooth ER

ER without ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

Vesicles

Small sacs that transport materials within or out of the cell

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes that digest waste and old organelles

Cell wall

Rigid structure providing support and protection

Centriole

Involved in cell division; found in animal cells

Plant cells have

Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole

Animal cells have

Centrioles and lysosomes

Chloroplast function

Site of photosynthesis

Central vacuole function

Stores water and maintains cell pressure

Difference between plant and animal cells

Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not

Typical prokaryotic organelles

Cell membrane cell wall ribosomes DNA cytoplasm

Typical eukaryotic organelles

Nucleus mitochondria ER Golgi ribosomes cell membrane

Typical animal cell structures

Nucleus mitochondria ER Golgi ribosomes lysosomes centrioles

Typical plant cell structures

Nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts cell wall vacuole ribosomes