Biology 1603 I- Prokaryotes

where are 70S ribosomes found?

found in prokaryotic organisms— bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts

where are 80S ribosomes found?

found in eukaryotic cells — cytoplasm

where are organelles found

found in eukaryotic cells

• specialized, membrane-bound structures within a cell that perform specific functions necessary for the cell's survival and operation

what is fission

• prokaryotic

  a form of asexual reproduction where a parent organism divides into two or more daughter cells or individuals

what is cytokenesis

• eukaryotic

  the final stage of cell division where the cell's cytoplasm physically divides into two daughter cells

what is flagella

a long, whip-like appendage that enables a cell, such as a bacterium or a sperm, to move through its environment

what are mictrotubles

• eukaryotic

  pulls chromosomes apart

what are coccus/ cocci

spherical prokaryote shapes

what are bacillus/ bacilli

rod shaped prokaryote shape

what is a spirochete?

spiral prokaryote shape

what are taxis?

ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli

what is plasmid?

smaller rings of DNA

what are R- plasmids?

carry genes for antibiotic resistance

what is transformation?

Some prokaryotic cells can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

what is transduction?

movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

what is conjugation?

genetic matieral is transferred between bacterial cells

what is required for the production of sex pili?

f factor — piece of DNAA

what three factors contribute to prokaryotic genetic diversity?

• rapid reproduction

• mutation

• genetic recombination

what are photoautotrophs?

• uses light

• produces CO2, HCO3

what are chemoautotrophs?

• uses inorganic materials (exclusively prokaryotic)

• produces CO2, HOC3-

what are photoheterotrophs?

• uses light

• produces organic compounds

aerobe

requires O2 for cellular respiration

anaerobe

dislikes O2 and uses fermentation/ anaerobic respiration

what is obligate

something or someone that requires a specific condition, organism, or behavior to survive

what is faculative

can survive with or without O2

what is gram positive

• stain a darker color

• Tuberculosis

  Designation given prokaryotic cells that bear a single, internal membrane and acquire a purple color during staining.

what is gram negative

• lighter color

• e coli (normal gut flora)

• photoautotrophs — cyanobacteria

• chemoautotrophs

• heterotrophs

Designation given prokaryotic cells that bear outer and inner membranes that flank the peptidoglycan layer and, thus, fail to acquire a purple color during staining; picking up a red counter stain instead.

what is the nucleoid?

location where cells DNA is located

what is the fimbriae?

Hair-like extracellular appendages produced by prokaryotic cells that appear to enhance cell adhesion.

what is the basal apparatus?

That portion of the prokaryotic flagellum that anchors the entire apparatus and comprises the motor for the flagellum that is driven by proton flux from outside to inside of the cell.

what is the filament?

That portion of the prokaryotic flagellum that serves as the source of propulsion.

what is bacteria?

Prokaryotic domain of life characterized by the presence of a peptidoglycan cell wall

what is archea?

Prokaryotic domain of life characterized by many organisms that exist in extreme environments

what is eukarya?

Eukaryotic domain of life characterized by organisms that possess membrane-bound organelles

what is methanogen?

what is an endospore?

Thick-walled dormant stage that is produced inside cells of some prokaryotic organisms

what is a peptidoglycan?

Cell wall (comprised of protein and polysaccharide) found exclusively in members of Domain Bacteria

what is Bacillus anthracis?

a rod-shaped, aerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax, an infectious disease primarily affecting livestock and wild animals but also transmissible to humans

what is mycobacterium?

Gram positive Bacteria that are best known as pathogens

what is tuberculosis?

Disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculae.

what is anabaena?

Filamentous genus of Cyanobacteria that is dimorphic, producing vegetative cells and heterocytes (heterocysts).

what is a heterocyst?

Cyanobacterial cell type (e.g., Anabaena) that serves as the primary site of nitrogen fixation.

what is N2 fixation?

Process of converting inorganic nitrogen to organic nitrogen (e.g., ammonia) via nitrogenase activity--an enzyme whose activity is suppressed in the presence of oxygen.

what is symbiosis?

two species live in close contact — a larger host and a smaller symbiont

what is mutualism?

both organisms beneft

what is commensalism?

one benefits while the other is unharmed

what is a parasite?

causes diseases, harms but doesnt kill

what is a decomposer?

Organisms responsible for recycling dead organic matter.

what is a pathogen?

causes diseases by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins

what is borrelia?

a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria, also known as spirochetes, that are known for causing Lyme disease

what is a vector?

living organism that transmits an infectious pathogens to another host

what is exotoxin?

causes diseases even if the prokaryotes that produces are not present

• anthrax

what is endotoxin?

released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down