APUSH 1st Semester Final

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

3/5 Compromise

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Abe Lincoln

President during Civil War, wrote Emancipation Proclamation, first Republican President

Albany Plan of Union

Proposed a central government power, tax, pass laws, ad oversee military for 13 colonies; introduced by Ben Franklin for the colonies to unify before the French and Indian War

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Anaconda Plan

Northern Civil War strategy to starve the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Antietam

the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

Articles of Confederation

the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789, emphasis on states' rights, Congress could not tax

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution; added to appease Anti-Federalists

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Boston Massacre

incident in 1770 in which British troops fired on and killed American colonists

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

The Compromise of 1877

the withdrawal of federal troops marking the end of Reconstruction, in response to an election dispute between Hayes and Tilden

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, written by Thomas Jefferson

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to ex-slaves and helped them get jobs

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Gadsden Purchase

1853 purchase by the United States of southwestern lands from Mexico for the purpose of moving slaves along a transcontinental railroad

George Washington

1st President of the United States; Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, representative of the Federalist Party, warned against political parties and foreign alliances

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Headright System

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Ironclad Oath

oath taken by voters that stated past and future loyalty to the Union; part of the Radical Republican Reconstruction plan

James K. Polk

President in March 1845, priority of manifest destiny, wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain, wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into union.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams, Federalist policies

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Joseph Smith

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their voting rights.

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million, by Thomas Jefferson who sent Lewis and Clark on an expedition to explore it

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Midnight Judges

a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories, no slavery north of the 36 30 line

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers, written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

Nathaniel Bacon

Planter who led a rebellion of indentured servants in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony because of his refusal to help against native conflicts over land

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society, believed they were the true Americans

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress, became the Senate

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Old Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe

Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll but it was rejected

Oregon Territory

Split between U.S. and Great Britain, the U.S. had finally achieved its goal of Manifest Destiny by settling at the 49th parallel and giving up the previous "54 40 or Fight" idea

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies; "give me liberty or give me death"

Powhatan

An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area as the English settled Jamestown, his daughter's marriage to John Rolfe provided a brief pause in a series of wars

Proclamation of 1763

law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided the south into military districts before they met the necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union

Remember the Alamo

Battle cry of revenge for Texan independence from Mexico in 1836 after the Mexican Army defeated the Americans at this old Spanish mission

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force; Commander of the Confederate Army

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies until it needed to tax the colonists to pay off debt

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Saratoga

The turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help the Americans after this battle

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals through the Antebellum Era. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans and led to many social reforms

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention in 1848 at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers until it was repealed the following year

Tenure of Office Act

Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees; policy President Johnson violated and was impeached as a result

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer who wrote Common Sense

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to Oklahoma

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century Antebellum literary movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Triangle Trade

a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax and several people were killed in the riots; Washington sent in troops to suppress the rebellion

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader nicknamed Tippecanoe, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal, The Liberator

William Penn

Englishman and Quaker who founded the most democratic and tolerant of the northern English colonies

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Yorktown

Last battle of the war of independence in 1781 where Cornwallis surrendered ending the Revolutionary War

Zachary Taylor

Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.