Unit 7 AP World History Global Conflict After 1900

Russian Revolution

Prompted by labor unrest, and calls for political reform, this revolution against the Tsarists government led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917. Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.

Bloody Sunday 1905

A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905,

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea Japan emerges victorious. First time that an East Asian state defeated a European power.

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Communists

People who believe workers should own the means of production and collective ownership would lead to collective prosperity. Russian Bolsheviks were the first communists to run a country

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

Local warlords divided China. The Guomindang (Nationalist) Party, led by Sun Yat-Sen allied with betrayed communists. Chiang Kai-Shek rose to lead party after Yat-Sen's death.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms. He created a short-lived republic

The Three People's Principles

A political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation. The Principles were: nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Turkification

the effort by the Young Turks to make all citizens of the Ottoman Empire identify with Turkish culture

Armenian Genocide

The massacre of Armenians conducted by Turkey during WWI

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal

"Father of the Turks" who helped to create Republic of Turkey in 1923. He modernized [westernized] and secularized Turkey. Reforms included universal suffrage, public education, abolishing polygamy

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Francisco Madero

Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of landless peasants in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

Mexican Political party formed in 1929, dominated Mexican politics, widely criticized as corrupt

Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (MAIN)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Alsace-Lorraine

A major French industrial region with rich deposits of iron ore. The region was taken by Germany (from France) as a result of the Franco Prussian war. (1870-1871) Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

Tripple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy prior to WWI

Allies (WWI)

What the Triple Entente became known as after the start of WWI Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy, Japan, China and the USA

Central Powers of WWI

The name given to the former Triple Alliance, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria- after the break-out of WWI

Self-determination

Concept that people who share a common language and culture have the right to govern themselves

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Poison Gas

Introduced by the Germans and was used by both sides during the WW I; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation

machine gun

An automatic gun that fires bullets (500 rounds per minute) with deadly effectiveness, making it difficult for troops to gain new territory

Airplanes

Used for combat for the first time in war during WW I. Fitted with machine guns and lead to aerial "dog fights"

Tanks

These large armored combat vehicles were first introduced in World War I.

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I; they sank many Allied ships around the British Isles. They were responsible for the sinking of the HMS Lusitania and the Sussex.

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

British intelligence passed along a decoded message from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman saying that if Mexico joined in war with Germany against the U.S., Germany would give Mexico the "lost provinces" of Texas and the American Southwest. Mexico declined and the U.S. declared war against Germany just over a month later.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Gallipoli

A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides.

Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929 and spread across the rest of the world during the 1930's

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to improve the economy

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Russian Civil War (1918-1921)

War in Russia between Red Russians, who supported the communist revolution of the new Bolshevik government, and the White Russians, who were loyal army officers fighting the revolution. The White Russians also received help from the Allies. But under Trotsky's leadership, the Red Army eventually wins.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Politburo

A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia

Kolkhoz

in the Soviet Union, a small farm worked by farmers who shared in the farm's production and profits

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

The Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Fascism in Italy

Mussolini 1st Fascist -Fascism consisted of extreme nationalism, national order, violence to keep this order, and blind loyalty to the state.

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Gulags

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in eastern Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died.

PRI (Mexico)

Mexican political party that dominated the country's political institutions from its founding in 1929 until the end of the 20th century, most of the important figures in national and local politics belonged to this party.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry (PEMEX)

The Spanish Republic

formed in 1931 after King Alfonso VIII abdicated; supported by the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War

Popular Front (Spain)

antifascist coalition of Left-wing socialist revolutionary. Key elements of the movement was land reform

Nationalists

Conservative forces in Spain (Catholic Church and the military) who opposed the Popular Front

Francisco Franco

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

Guernica

a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica

Hypernationalism

Extreme nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one's nation and of the paramount importance of advancing it.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Capitalism vs. Communism

In Communism, the community or society solely owns the means of production and production is for the good of everyone. On the other hand, in capitalism, the resources or the means of production are privately and production is for profit.

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Pan-Arabism

A movement that calls for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation.

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Zionists

Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Indian National Congress

Is a political party in India that played a crucial role in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Formed in 1885, the party became the principal organization representing Indian interests and aspirations, leading to significant movements against colonial policies and shaping the political landscape of newly independent India.

Militarism

Is the belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. This mindset fosters an environment where military power is prioritized over diplomatic solutions, influencing political decisions and societal values. __________ was a significant factor in escalating tensions leading up to both World Wars, as nations invested heavily in their armed forces and adopted aggressive postures towards one another.

Great War

Was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918, involving many of the world's great powers divided into two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. This war fundamentally changed the political landscape of the world, leading to significant social, economic, and geopolitical shifts (WWI).

Triple Alliance

Was a military pact formed in 1882 among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, aimed at mutual defense against potential threats, especially from France and Russia. It was a key element of the complex system of alliances in Europe that contributed to the outbreak of World War I, creating an atmosphere of tension and competition among the major powers.

Stalemate

A situation in which neither side can gain an advantage or make progress, often resulting in a deadlock.

Global War

A war/conflict that spans over several continents

ANZAC

Half a million Australians and New Zealanders, who were colonial troops, formed a special corps and fought a bloody year-long campaign at Gallipoli, a peninsula in northwestern Turkey, that resulted in heavy Allied losses with little to show for the effort.

Paris Peace Conference

Was a series of meetings held in 1919-1920 where the Allied powers negotiated the peace terms following World War I. This conference aimed to establish a new world order, redrawing national boundaries and creating new nations, while also addressing issues like reparations and disarmament. The outcomes of the conference laid the groundwork for unresolved tensions that emerged post-war and contributed to the causes of the next global conflict.

Big Four

Victorious countries at the Paris Peace Conference were Woodrow Wilson (the U.S), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy). The Italians walked out of the peace conference in a rage because Italy would not get Dalmatia and other territories that they had been promised for joining the Allies, including the city of Fiume on the Adriatic Sea. Russia was not invited to the conference because it had undergone a communist rev. Russia’s Bolshevik leaders refused to honor Russia’s financial debts to the Allies, who in return refused to recognize the Bolshevik gov.

The Big Four had different visions of how to settle the peace. President Wilson's pledge to establish "peace without victory" reflected his belief that no one country should be severely punished or greatly rewarded. France's Clemenceau rejected this view. He believed that France, out of all the Allies represented at the conference, had suffered the most and thus deserved special considerations to be protected from Germany. He also argued that the victorious powers should seek some sort of revenge on the Central Powers for starting the war. Clemenceau complained that Wilson was an unrealistic idealist who was naive about European relations, even though Wilson had a Ph.D. in history. David Lloyd George tended to support Clemenceau's ideas, but he often acted as an intermediary between the two differing points of view.

Fourteen Points

Were a set of principles aimed at establishing lasting peace after World War I, presented by the Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. These points emphasized self-determination, open diplomacy, free trade, disarmament, and the establishment of a League of Nations to promote collective security. The_________ sought to address the root causes of conflict and to create a framework for a new international order, but ultimately faced challenges in implementation, contributing to unresolved tensions in the post-war world.

League of Nations

was an intergovernmental organization founded after World War I aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among countries. Established in 1920, its main goals were to prevent wars through collective security, disarmament, and resolving international disputes diplomatically. Despite its ambitious objectives, the ________________struggled to maintain peace and address the unresolved tensions that followed the war, ultimately failing to prevent the rise of conflicts that led to World War II.

Treaty of Versailles

Was a peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. It aimed to establish lasting peace but instead created significant economic and political instability in Europe, setting the stage for future conflicts.

Reparations

Refer to compensation imposed on a nation for the damages and losses incurred during a conflict, often involving monetary payments or the return of property. In the context of World War II, ________ became a contentious issue as the consequences of World War I, particularly the Treaty of Versailles, created significant economic and political instability in Germany, contributing to the rise of extremist movements and setting the stage for future conflict.

Weimar Republic

Was established in the aftermath of World War I and was named after the city of Weimar, where the constitutional assembly convened. Took responsibility to pay for the reparations from the Treaty of Versailles. Set the stage for an extreme and militaristic political party known as the Nazis to take power barely 15 years later by a funny looking mustache guy.

Deficit Spending

The practice of a government spending more money than it receives in revenue, typically through borrowing. This approach is often employed during times of economic downturns to stimulate growth and provide relief to citizens. By increasing spending despite falling revenues, governments aim to boost economic activity and counteract the negative effects of recession, making it a crucial aspect of fiscal policy during the Great Depression

Franklin Roosevelt

The 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 to 1945. He is best known for leading the nation through the Great Depression and World War II, implementing significant reforms that reshaped the American economy and government. His policies and leadership played a critical role in establishing the foundations of the modern welfare state and shaped international relations during the early years of the Cold War. New Deal policies were designed to address the widespread unemployment and economic instability caused by the Great Depression. By implementing programs such as Social Security, Public Works Administration, and various job creation initiatives, ___ aimed to provide immediate relief for struggling Americans while also working towards long-term economic recovery. These policies reshaped the role of government in economic affairs and established a precedent for federal intervention in the economy. leadership during World War II marked a significant shift in America's international role from isolationism to active engagement in global affairs. By collaborating with Allied leaders like Winston Churchill and mobilizing American industry for war production, ___ positioned the United States as a key player in international diplomacy and military strategy. This shift not only helped defeat Axis powers but also laid the groundwork for America's leadership in establishing post-war organizations like the United Nations. presidency set important precedents for U.S.-Soviet relations that influenced the onset of the Cold War. While ___ sought to maintain cooperative relations with Joseph Stalin during World War II for military alliance purposes, his administration also faced growing ideological differences that would later manifest after his death. The decisions made at conferences like Yalta revealed underlying tensions about post-war plans in Europe, foreshadowing future conflicts as both superpowers emerged from WWII with differing visions for world order.

PEMEX

Foreign-owned oil industry in Mexico. In 1938, Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized this oil industry, which became one of the world’s largest state-owned companies and angered foreign investors. Despite these economic reforms, Mexico’s social hierarchy remained largely unchanged during the interwar period.

Big Three

Refers to the three major Allied leaders during World War I: Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and Georges Clemenceau of France. They played a crucial role in shaping the post-war world, particularly during the Paris Peace Conference, where they negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and other agreements aimed at establishing lasting peace and addressing the consequences of the war.

Fascism

A far-right political ideology characterized by authoritarian nationalism, centralized control of the economy, suppression of political opposition, and strong regimentation of society. This ideology emerged in early 20th-century Europe, where it significantly influenced various regimes, leading to global conflicts and shaping responses to modernity through technology and exchange.

Corporatism

Is a political and economic system in which various interest groups, such as businesses, labor unions, and agricultural organizations, collaborate with the state to formulate policies and manage the economy. This system emerged prominently during the Great Depression as governments sought to stabilize their economies through organized cooperation between different sectors of society, aiming for a more controlled economic environment to alleviate the crisis.

Palestine

Refers to a geographic region in Western Asia that has been a focal point of conflict and nationalism, particularly during the 20th century as various groups sought self-determination and statehood. The struggle over this place is intricately tied to the broader themes of newly independent states, colonialism, and national identity as these elements shaped political landscapes in the post-World War I era and beyond.

Mohandas Gandi

Was a key figure in India's struggle for independence from British rule. He is best known for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, which influenced global movements for civil rights and freedom. His approach to political activism not only shaped India's path to independence but also contributed to broader global resistance against colonialism and oppression.

Civil Disobedience

Is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws or governmental demands, often through peaceful means, as a form of protest against perceived injustices. This concept highlights the moral responsibility of individuals to resist unjust laws and has played a significant role in movements advocating for rights and democratic principles throughout history.

Salt March

Was a nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 against the British salt tax in India, symbolizing the broader struggle for Indian independence. This 240-mile march from Sabarmati Ashram to the Arabian Sea coast became a pivotal moment in the Indian independence movement, demonstrating the power of civil disobedience and mass mobilization against colonial rule.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and the founder of Pakistan, serving as its first Governor-General from 1947 until his death in 1948. He played a crucial role in advocating for the rights of Muslims in British India, ultimately leading to the establishment of Pakistan as a separate nation for Muslims following the partition of India.

Pakistan

South Asian country that emerged as a separate nation in 1947 during the partition of British India, primarily to serve as a homeland for Muslims in the region. Its creation marked a significant moment in the decolonization process and was influenced by the broader currents of nationalism and colonial legacy, shaping its identity and geopolitical significance.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Was an influential Indian statesman and the first Prime Minister of independent India, serving from 1947 until his death in 1964. He was a key figure in the Indian independence movement and played a vital role in shaping modern India's policies, particularly in relation to its non-alignment during the Cold War and its pursuit of economic development.

March First Movement (Korea)

Significant nonviolent resistance campaign that began on March 1, 1919, in Korea, protesting against Japanese colonial rule. This movement marked a pivotal moment in Korean history, as it galvanized the Korean people to seek independence from Japanese oppression and inspired subsequent uprisings and movements for national sovereignty. Was initiated when a group of Korean nationalists read the Declaration of Independence in Seoul, leading to widespread demonstrations across the country.

May Fourth Movement (China)

A cultural and political movement in China that emerged in 1919, fueled by student protests against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign imperialism. This movement aimed to promote nationalism, modernization, and a rejection of traditional Confucian values, laying the groundwork for the rise of new ideologies, including communism.

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China, established in 1921. It arose from a context of social upheaval and revolution, aiming to implement Marxist-Leninist principles and create a socialist society. The ___ played a crucial role in the spread of communism after 1900, particularly in Asia, as it navigated internal struggles, foreign interventions, and its eventual rise to power in 1949, influencing global communist movements.

Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese political and military leader who served as the head of the Nationalist government in China during the early to mid-20th century. He played a crucial role in the struggle against communism and the fight for national unity following the fall of the Qing dynasty, representing a significant response to calls for reform in China after 1900.