Confucius, Ming, and Qing China

Mandate of Heaven

the right to rule granted by heaven

Dowager Empress Cixi

modernized gvmt based on Japan after she sent out gvmt officials to study other kingdoms

Self-Strengthening Movement

1860 - update education, diplomacy, + military. manufacture of gunboats, rifles, and ammo. dowager empress backed the movement

Extraterritorial Rights

rights stated that foreigners were not subject to Chinese law @ Guangzhou and 4 other ports

Treaty of Nanjing

i. gave Britain Hong Kong

ii. US and foreign citizens given extraterritorial rights

Sphere of Influence

area in which foreign nations had increased control over the economy

Open Door Policy

proposed that china be open to merchants of all nations

protected US trading rights and China’s freedom from colonization

Taiping Rebellion

massive peasant army, captured nanjing, against massive hunger and lack of action, wanted a peaceful kingdom where everyone shared wealth and no one lived in poverty

Hong Xiuquan

started recruiting followers for “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” and led Taiping Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion

resented Christians and foreign privileges, multinational force defeated them, after Dowager Empress reversed Qianlong’s reforms and refused to provide military aid.

Dynasty Cycle

A. New Dynasty (peace, rebuild infastructure, give land to peasants, protect people)

B. Old Dynasty (too much tax, fail to protect people, infastructure decays, abuse people)

C. Problems (natural disasters, reasant revolt, invaders attack, crime boost

Civil Service Exams

regarded highly, heavily based on Confucian beliefs, hard position to earn, high benefits, 3 days of examination, brought peace and morals

Filial Piety

respect for parents and elders, devotion during life and honor after death

Hongwu

comanded rebel army that drove mongols out of china, first leader of Ming china, respected confucian beliefs and restored agriculutre,

Yong Lo

Hongwu’s son, cotinued his legacy, started the 7 voyages to expand tribute system

Zheng He

Muslim who led the 7 voyages, known for large size, visited many areas and brought back wild animals and traded goods as result.

Tribute System

other countries and nations paid money to China due to his gift giving on expeditions

Grand Canal

refurbished for 1000 miles, brought raw material to capital

Matteo RIcci

an Italian missionary whos goal was to convert Chinese to christianity, learned to love china

Manchuria

north of china, where Manchus come from

Kangxi

first emporer of Qing, added intellects to gvmt

Qianlong

known as emperor who brought golden age to china, ruled during its largest size and prosperity

Opium Wars

1839

5 Confucian Values

1, golden Rule

2, honor parents

3, knowledge over creativity

4, humility towards those more experienced

5, rituals are important