Psychology of Memory Concepts

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts related to memory, including false memories, memory procedures, cognitive processes, and influential psychological theories.

False Memories

Memories that do not correspond to actual events but can be vivid and detailed.

Source Monitoring

The process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs.

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Procedure

A psychological technique used to demonstrate false memory through the recall of related words.

Memory Induction

A method where individuals are led to remember events that never occurred.

Reality Monitoring

The process of distinguishing between real and imagined events.

Sleep Paralysis

A temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up, often associated with hallucinations.

Contextual Associations

Connections formed between memories and the context in which they were formed.

Fuzzy-Trace Theory

A theory suggesting that memory is processed in two forms: verbatim and gist.

Intrusion Errors

Mistaken recall of words related to studied material that were not actually presented.

Visual False Memory Procedure

A method where individuals are presented with closely related images, leading to false alarms in memory recall.

Suggestibility

The degree to which individuals are influenced by misleading information.

Flashbulb Memory

Highly detailed and vivid memories of a significant event, often with a strong emotional connection.

Reminiscence Bump

The phenomenon where individuals have increased recall for events occurring during adolescence and early adulthood.

Aphantasia

The inability to visualize mental images, impacting the ability to recall memories.

Confabulation

The unintended fabrication of memories, often as a result of memory impairment.

Childhood Amnesia

The inability to recall memories from the early years of life, typically before age 3-5.

Source Confusion

A memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed.

Working Self

The self-image and goals that influence autobiographical memory retrieval.

Lexical Memory

The mental storage system for words and their meanings.

Episodic Memory

Memory for specific events and experiences in one's life.

Semantic Memory

General knowledge about the world, independent of personal experience.

Automatic Behavior

Actions performed without conscious thought, often due to habit.

organization of Semantic and Episodic Memory

Semantic memory is organized by meaning and context, while episodic memory is tied to specific times and places.

Neuroscience of Memory

Study of the brain mechanisms involved in memory encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Error in Memory Retrieval

Mistakes made during the process of recalling memories.

Cognitive Skills

Abilities related to knowledge, reasoning, problem-solving, and planning.

Perceptual Learning

Learning that involves changes in perception and sensitivity to sensory inputs.

Feedback in Learning

Information provided to learners about their performance to enhance learning.

Interference in Memory

A phenomenon where certain memories disrupt the recall of other memories.

Implicit Memory

Memory that occurs without conscious awareness.

Explicit Memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously recall.

Repression of Memory

The unconscious blocking or burying of distressing memories.

Desirable Difficulties

Learning challenges that enhance long-term retention and transfer of knowledge.

Memory of Skills

procedural memory.

Behavioral Habits

Automatic actions developed through repetition in specific contexts.

Accuracy of Memory

The degree to which recalled memories reflect the actual events.

Emotional Influences on Memory

The role of emotions in enhancing or impairing memory recall.

Memory Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that aid in recalling specific memories.

Bilingualism and Memory

Differences in memory retrieval and processing when using different languages.

Teaching Memory Skills

Methods used to enhance memory performance among learners.

Recognition and Recall

Different processes of retrieving information from memory.

Prospective Memory

Remembering to carry out planned actions in the future.

Memory Consolidation

The process of stabilizing a memory after initial acquisition.

Hypnosis and Memory Retrieval

The effects of hypnosis on the accuracy and detail of recalled memories.

Problems with Eyewitness Testimony

reliability of witness memories in legal settings.

Misinformation Effect

The distortion of memory due to misleading information post-event.

Memory Decay

The gradual loss of memory over time.

Context-Dependent Memory

Recall of information when the context at retrieval matches the context during encoding.

Skill Acquisition

The process of learning and perfecting a new ability.

Vividness of Flashbulb Memories

The clarity and detail associated with memories of shocking or unexpected events.

Neural Network Models of Memory

Models that depict memory as interconnected and associative.

Schema Theory

The idea that our past experiences shape how we organize and interpret new information.

Task Complexity and Memory,

The relationship between the difficulty of a task and the effectiveness of memory.

Concept Formation

The mental process of categorizing and associating similar ideas or objects.

Error Correction in Memory,

The process of identifying and rectifying inaccuracies in memory recall.

Lab Studies vs Personal Experience,

Differences in findings between controlled laboratory settings and real-world recall.

Memory Training Techniques,

Strategies designed to improve memory performance and retention.

Self-reference Effect,

Enhanced memory for information that is relevant to oneself.

Mental Representations in Memory,

Cognitive structures that represent knowledge, experiences, and concepts.

Associative Learning,

Learning that occurs when associations are formed between stimuli.

Primary vs Secondary Memory Types,

Distinctions between immediate recall abilities and long-term storage.

Learning Styles and Memory,

Various approaches to learning that may influence memory retention.

Retrieval Practice,

The act of actively recalling information as a way to enhance memory.

Working Memory Capacity,

The amount of information one can hold and manipulate in mind.

Neuroscience of Autobiographical Memory,

The study of brain areas involved in personal experience recall.

Cultural Influences on Memory,

Variations in memory processes based on cultural background.

Voluntary vs Involuntary Memory,

Differentiation between memories that are intentionally recalled versus those that occur spontaneously.

Metacognition in Memory,

Awareness of one's own memory processes and capabilities.

Encoding Strategies,

Techniques used to enhance the storage of information in memory.

Memory for Faces,

How individuals recognize and recall faces based on semantic and episodic information.

False Recognition,

The phenomenon of incorrectly identifying previously unencountered stimuli as familiar.

Task-Related Memory Performance,

Effects of specific tasks on the efficiency of memory retrieval.

Error Rates in Memory Recall,

Statistics reflecting the frequency of inaccuracies in memory retrieval.

Associative Memory Networks,

Conceptual frameworks illustrating how different ideas are interconnected in memory.

Cue-Dependent Forgetting,

The inability to retrieve memories without the appropriate retrieval cues.

Distraction and Memory,

The impact of interruptions on the ability to remember information.

Study Methods and Their Effects on Memory,

Various learning approaches and their effectiveness in improving memory.

Neural Mechanisms in Learning,

Biological processes that underpin learning and memory formation.

Cognitive Load,

The amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.

Encoding Variability,

Changes in how information is encoded based on different experiences.

Cues and Context in Memory Retrieval,

The role of environmental cues in recalling specific memories.

Imagination Inflation,

The enhancement of false memories through imaginative recollection of events.

Role of Attention in Memory Encoding

The influence of focused attention on the ability to store memories.

Error-prone Memory Retrieval

The tendency for certain memories to be recalled inaccurately.

Memory Reconsolidation,

The process of re-stabilizing memories or altering them after they have been retrieved.