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Human Development
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death
Longitudinal Design
Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time
Cross-sectional Design
Research design in which several different participant age-groups are studied at one particular point in time
Cross-Sequential Design
Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed longitudinally
Cohort Effect
The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience
Nature
The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality
Nurture
The influence of the environment on personality
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism
Gene
Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements
Chromosome
Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA
Dominant
Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait
Recessive
Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene. Ovum
Sperm
The male sex cell
Fertilization
The union of the ovum and sperm
Zygote
Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm
Monozygotic Twins
Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells
Embryo
Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization
Embryonic Period
The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization
Critical Periods
Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
Teratogen
Any factor that can cause a birth defect
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)
A group of possible conditions caused by a mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy
Critical Periods
Times during which certain environmental influences can have a significant impact on infant development
Structural development of limbs
3 to 8 weeks
Heart
Most affected early in the period (2 to 6 weeks)
Central Nervous System
Susceptible to problems during 2 to 5 weeks
Eyes
Vulnerable during 3 to 8 weeks
Teeth and Roof of the Mouth
Prone to issues around 7 to 12 weeks
Measles
Mumps
Blindness
deafness
Marijuana
Decreased height
infant is difficult to soothe
Cocaine
Miscarriage
Alcohol
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
Nicotine
Miscarriage
Mercury
Intellectual disability
Vitamin A (high doses)
Brain swelling
Caffeine
Increased chance of neural tube defects
Toxoplasmosis
Miscarriage
High Water Temperatures
Irritability
infant is easily disturbed
startled
fetal period
the time from about 8 weeks after con-ception until the birth of the baby
fetus
name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby
synaptic pruning
The development of the infant brain after birth
Developed parts of baby
Touch
Smell
Taste (4 weeks for sugar
Less developed parts of baby
Hearing
Eyes (sees black and white
Because infants prefer to look at faces as a source of stimuli..
Babies are likelier to form emotional connection
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
cognitive development
the development of thinking
Jean Piaget
four-state theory of cognitive development--
sensorimotor
two basic processes (assimilation and accommodation) work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth
Sensorimotor Stage age range
0-2 years
Preoperational age range
2-7 years
Concrete Operations
7-12 years old
Formal operations age range
12 years to adulthood
Sensorimotor
Infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
They develop object permanence and the understanding that concepts and mental images represent objects
Preoperational
Can mentally represent concepts and images with words or pictures ages
Cannot logically reason
Concrete Operations
-can conserve
12 years to adulthood
People at this stage can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events or situations
think about logical possibilities
use abstract analogies
systematically examine and test hypotheses.
Not everyone can eventually reason in all these ways.
egocentrism
the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
centration
in Piaget's theory
conservation
in Piaget's theory
irreversibility
the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action
formal operation
hypothetic/deductive reasoning
scaffolding
process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings
psychosocial development
pattern of change in emotions
easy babies
adjusted readily to new situations
attachment
an emotional tie with another person
shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Forms 6 months in.
Types of Attachment
secure
Secure
Feel safe when mother comes back
Avoidant
Avoided talking to stranger of mother
Ambivalent
mixed feelings
disorganized-disorriented
unable to decide how they should react to mother. Approached mother but with no eye contact. Fearful and depressed look
temperament may determine..
response of mother to baby
self concept
our understanding and evaluation of who we are
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feeling of autonomy
Autonomy
Person feels confident and begins to have a sense of independence.
Despair
Feelings of isolation and loneliness.
Doubt
Feelings of being inferior and incapable arise.
Generativity vs. Self-Absorption
Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them
Generativity
Having children whom they nurture and/or helping the next generation.
Guilt
Child may become passive because of feeling guilty.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself
Identity
Strong identity is formed- sees self as a positive and capable individual.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence
Industry
"I can" outlook on life develops while creating a positive attitude towards him or herself.
inferiority
Children may doubt their abilities.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this state leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval
Initiative
Children will continue to be curious in the future.
Integrity vs. Despair
Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this state leads to a feeling of wisdom
Integrity
Looks back at life with acceptance and satisfaction- little to no fear of death.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults need to form intimate
Intimacy
Ability to form close
Isolation
Wishes they could live life over again- lives a life of regret and failure
Mistrust
Person may have trouble developing relationships because of insecurity
Role Confusion
Causes a constant search for acceptance and a feeling of belonging. Unsure who they are and where they are going.
Self-Absorption
Life loses its meaning- a person becomes preoccupied with their self
Trust vs. Mistrust
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability