Apartheid South Africa

What did European settlers collectively refer to all Africans in South Africa as? (later a slur)

Bantu

Arrival of Europeans: what happened in 1652?

Cape town was founded by the DUtch East Trading company

Arrival of Europeans: what happened in 1685? French and German protestants flee persecution and join the colony

What do the French and Germans become known as (name for farmers in Afrikaans)?

Boers/Afrikanner

Arrival of Europeans: what happened in 1806?

Britain seized control of the Dutch colony

What occurred from 1899-1902?

the 2nd Boer war

What status did South Africa reach in 1910?

self-governing dominion of the British empire 

What policy made it that Africans were restricted to ownership of land in the reserves (poor quality, 7% of SA)?

the 1913 Native Land Act

Which policy controlled the movement of Africans, forced to carry a pass book which specified where they could live, work, and visit?

Pass laws

Which policy? Skilled positions not available to African workers

colour bar

What was the impact of WWII on South Africa?

segregation policies loosened (war had high demand of urbanization) ,pro-british Union Party (Janus Smuts) replaced by D.F. Malan and National Party (sympathetic to Nazis) 

What was the main platform of the National Party?

Apartheid (complete separation of all races in South Africa)

Who was the prime minister of SA from 1948-1954?

DF Malan

Who was the prime minister of SA from 1958-1966?

Hendrik F. Verwoerd (“architect of apartheid”)

Day to day restrictions, such as separate facilities, intended to segregate the races living in shared spaces

Petty Apartheid

Separate development, long term policy to keep the different races as separate as policy by ensuring they lived in different areas with different political systems

Grand apartheid

Banned marriages between whites and non-whites

prohibition of mixed marriages Act (1949)  

Criminalized sexual relations between whites and non-whites

Immorality Act (1950)

Classified all south africans into race groups (white, coloured, indian, black)

population registration act (1950)

Forced black South Africans, 16 years +, to carry a range of documents

abolition of passes act (1952)

Complete segregation by race of all pubic amenities, enforced violently by police

Separate amenities act (1953)

Restructured social curriculum for Africans; to be trained for obedient and manual labor tasks, no academic focus

Bantu education Act (1953)

Prevented black students from attending “white” universities and created separate and unequal institutions for Africans, coloured, and Indians respectively

Separate University Education Act (1959)

Defined neighborhoods by racial classifications; people of other classifications would be forced to move to different parts of cities

Group Areas Act (1950)

Allowed to government to force any African out of Sophiatown, johannesburg, and move to the Meadowlands township

Native Resettlement Act (1954)

Abolished Native Representative council and gave more power to Bantu Chiefs

Bantu Authorities Act (1953)

Set up 9 distinct Bantu Homeland out of the existing reserves, each with a degree of self-government, deprived blacks of their SA citizenship

Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1954) 

Forced Black Africans to become a citizen of one of the homelands even if they had never lived there

The bantustan system

Living terms: specific to 1913 Land Act, pre-1948 election, lands set aside for native populations -  

reserves 

Living terms: post National Party election, areas outside of SA proper, location of individuals is dependant on linguistic tribal background

homelands

Living terms: areas within SA proper, segregated neighborhoods adjacent ot white populations

townships

officially banned all non-whites from voting, consolidated National Party’s control of government

separation of representation voters act (1956) 

Banned communist party of south africa

suppression of communist Act (1950)

How did the ANCYL affect the ANC’s methods?

caused ANC to shift to more assertive methods

A large-scale protest against unjust laws - civil disobedience

the defiance campaign (1952)

What was the impact of the defiance campaign?

ANC membership greatly increased

Anyone found with another person who is guilty of criminal action will be presumed guilty

criminal law amendment act (1953)

Allowed government to declare state of emergency and retain protesters without trial

Public Safety Act (1953)

Revolutionary document- “what are we fighting for?” non-racial south africa, focus on human rights and democracy, redistribution of wealth and land, nationalization of industry  -

the Freedom Charter (1955) 

SA government reaction to the Freedom Charter and Congress of the People

Treason Trial (1956-1961)

What was the result of the treason trial?

weakened movement, leaders forced to spend money on defense

Mass organization in response to 20% increase in bus fares

Alexandria bus boycotts (1957)

Anti-apartheid organization created by white WWII veterans

Torch Commando (1951)

Residents of Sophiatown forced to move so a white suburb could be made

Sophiatown removals (1955)

Org. created and led by Robert Sabukwe in 1954, rejected anc’s non-racialism and advocated for Black nationalism

Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

Police spontaneously fired into crowd of 70000 peaceful protestors, ANC had anti-pass marches and PAC and massive protests

Sharpeville Massacre (1960)

What was the significance of the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960?

It led to a shift towards armed resistance against apartheid.

Blamed SA government for massacre and said they threatened national peace and security

UN resolution 134

Acts of sabotage warranted at least 5 years in prison to death penalty

Sabotage act (1962)

Detain anyone for 90 days without having to bring charges

general laws amendment act (1963)

What was the main focus of Poqo?

assassinate informers and police (formed by banned PAC in 1961)

Plan of actions documents of the MK that was found during the Liliesleaf Farm Raid and was the basis of chars against MK leaders in Rivonia Trials

Operation Mayibuye

Mass arrests of Poqo and Mk leaders in 1963

the rivonia trial

What was the impact of the rivonia trial?

anti-apartheid resistance crumbed, SA government went on a campaign of terror throughout the country

What was the primary aim of the Defiance Campaign organized by the ANC in 1952?

Peaceful protests against apartheid laws.

What was the main focus of the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)?

Sabotage against government infrastructure as an armed wing of the ANC.

What was one effect of the apartheid legislation in South Africa?

Forced removals of families based on racial classification.

Who was Nelson Mandela?

founder of the ANCYL, led MK and the shift to violence, nobel peace prize winner

Who was Albert Luthuli

changed and acquitted in treason trials, opposed violent resistance

Who was robert Sobukwe?

founder of PAC, called for africans to liberate themselves