Human evolution Final

Chǎtelperronian

• Punch blade

• Core is struck by use of a hammer and punch (bone or antler) to remove the long narrow flakes (blades)

• Pressure flaking- using long stick or antler and pushing down on the core

Oldowan used by

H. habilis

Acheulian used by

H. erectus

Mousterian used by

neanderthals

Ardi

Ardipithicus Ramidus, Tim white Ethiopia

Handy man

H. Habilis, Mary and Louis Leakey

Selam, Dinka Baby

Au. Rareness, Ethiopia

Little lady

H. Floresiensis

Leti

H. Naledi

Little foot

Au. Prometheus, South Africa, Ron Clark

blade flakes used by

modern humans

Gravettian

• Burins

• ~27,000-21,000

• Used to make and shape OTHER TOOLS

burins

flat end blades used as narrow gouging and chisels

Solutrean

laurel leaf, like acheulian but thinner and longer

Magdalenian

weaponry, attar (spears), bow and arrow

Oldowan industry

• Choppers, hammerstones

• When struck properly, stone fractures in a controlled way that produces sharp edges (direct percussion)

percussion flaking

several flakes knocked off (usually at one end) by hard percussion blows from another rock used as a hammer (Requires strong precision grip)

Acheulian Industry

bifacial, striking core with hammerstone on both sides to make two sharp edges. East Africa ~1.5 mya

• Associated with H. erectus/H. Ergaster

• Bi-face hand axe (or cleaver)

  • Largerbut flatter than Oldowan choppers

• Symmetrical teardrop shape

• Light enough to be portable

• “Swiss army knife” of the Paleolithic

• Late H. erectus had more complex mental templates guiding them in the manufacture of their tools

hard hammer percussion

striking a core or unfinished tool with a stone to remove flakes

soft hammer percussion

shaping an unfinished tool with pieces of hardwood, antler, bone

archaic homo

pre-modern humans

pre-australopiths

sahelanthropus tchadensis (7-6 mya), Orririn tugenensis(6-5 mya), Ardipithicus kadabba (5.8-5.2), Ardipithicus ramidus (4.4 mya)

australopiths

anamensis (4.2- 3.8), afarensis (3.9-2.8), Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5), prometheus (3.7-3.2), africanus (3.5- 2.8), garhi (2.5 mya), sediba (<2 mya)

robust austrolopiths

dethiopicus, boisei, robustus

Homo

habilis (2.5-1.7), erectus (1.9), heidelbergensis (600,000-200,000), nalei (335,000- 236,000)

Neanderthals

Shanidar 1 and 4, La Ferassie,

anatomically modern humans

Jebel Inhoud, Lake Mungo, generalist specialist, Cor-Magnon

generalist specialist

can live in various environments w/ populations culturally specializing in their own surroundings

Olduvai Gorge

• Faulting exposes geological beds near the surface

• Active volcanic processes cause rapid sedimentation which preserves bone and artifacts

• Volcanic activity provides a wealth of radiometrically dateable material

• Mary and Louis Leakey

prognathic

anterior projection of face

orthognathic

flat face

S. tchadensis

Michel Brunet in Chad. orgonathic, no diastema, small canines, apical wear

O. tugenensis

Kenya, bipedal: angled femur, small canines, honing, arboreal

Ar. kadabba

Tim White and Yohannes Selassie, Ethiopia, bipedal, perihoning complex

perihoning complex

honing with apical wear

Ar. ramidus

Tim White, Ethiopia, ARDI: female, no honing, broad pelvis, curved finger, no opposable thumb

Au. anamensis

Meave Leakey, Kenya, jaws and teeth mixed ancestry

Au. afarensis

Don Johanson, Ethiopia, LUCY, SELAM, DIKIKA BABY, s spine, angled femur, diastema, sag crest

Kenyanthropus platyops

leave Leakey in Kenya, lomekwian tools,

Au. prometheus

“little foot”, south africa

au. africanus

Raymond Dart, South Africa, first for Au.

Au. garhi

tool use, Time White, Ethiopia

Au. sediba

<2 mya, Lee Berger, South Africa

P. dethipicus

Alan Walker, Kenya

P. boisei

Mary Leaky, coexisted with Homo

P. robustus

hyper robust, stone tool making, coexisted with sediba and africanus

H. habilis

Mary and Louis Leakey, Olduvai Gorge Tanzania. Handy Man. roust face, larger molars

H. erectus

wide cranial base, post cranial morphology almost identical to modern humans, smaller teeth, less body hair, flat face

H. nailed

rising star cave, cave homing, charcoal stains, scratch marks, LETI juvenile skull

H. heidelbergensis

Sima de los Huertos, deliberate?. thin cranial bones, modern cranial base

H. floresiensis

LITTLE LADY, small af, isolated island population in phillipines, flat feet, fire, stone tools, insular dwarfing

Shanidar 1, Iraq

neanderthals, male 30-45 yo, survived numerous injuries, blindness in left eye, healed injuries in arms and legs, hearing loss, arthritis in foot leading to limp

Shanidar 4, Iraq

male approx 30-45 yo, pollen found in burial initially thought to be deliberate, now thought to be from animal movement

La Ferassie, France

neanderthals, 8 individuals intentionally buried, use on anterior teeth as third hand

cro Magnon

AMH, first to populate Europe, robust

honing wear

wear on the back of upper canine

apical wear

wear on upper tip of canine (humans)

Human anatomical traits:

iliac blades positioned laterally, angled femurs, pelvis is shorter and broader, s curved spine, chin, taller forehead, smaller teeth, central foramen magnum, barrel shaped trunk, arch in foot, non divergent big toe, flat face, wide cranial base

Turkana Boy

H. erectus, ~8 years old, Kenya, most complete erectus specimen,

Dmanisi Hominini

best preserved hominin remains, projecting face with thin brow ridge and less robust

Gran Dolina site, Spain

h. erectus. h. antecessor “PIONEER MAN”

Pleistocene

ice age

La Chapelle aux Saints, France site

neanderthals, 40+ year old, severe arthrisi, rickets, lost most teeth, jaw reabsorbed

Krapina Croatia

earliest known symbolic neanderthal artifact, used pigments, and jewelry of drilled shells

Sima de los Huesos

disposal burial of neanderthals

Lagar Velho, Portugal

evidence of interbreeding with neanderthals and modern humans. modern human features with robust and cranium neanderthal

neanderthals went extinct due to ____

• Climate change- changes in flora and fauna

• Possible inbreeding- 

• Competition with H. sapiens- resources, we had better tools and hunting techniques

• Give human a stronger immune response to pathogens

Regional continuity/Multiregional Evolution Model

local populations of hominins in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued to evolve in their respective locations. Through gene flow and natural selection, local populations would not have evolved totally independently from one another. MW

Replacement Model (Out of Africa)

modern H. sapiens evolved in Africa, migrated out of Africa, and replaced hominin populations in Europe and Asia. evolved in africa, migrated, and replaced. CS PA

Assimilation Model

1. AMH moved into Europe and Asia, where they interbred and hybridized with resident hominin groups, eventually replacing them. Disappearance of archaic homo was due to hybridization and/or out-competition

   1. AMH evolved in Africa (erectus/ergaster), AMH have slender bodies adapted for dissipating heat and long-distance running; have cool new gadgets, too. 

agriculture

longest adaptive strategy used by Homo sapiens to survive. nomads, dietary diversity, low population density, egalitarian- equal access to wealth status and power within the same social category

upper Paleolithic settlements

sunghir russia

Sunghir Russia site

1. body covered in red ochre, beads, fox canines, stone pendant

2. 2 Boys, 10-12 yo, buried head to head, spears, 12 year old has misalignment of upper Jaw and fed soft foods (no wear). 10 yo had curved and short femurs. LAVISH BURIALS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES

Blombos Cave, South Africa

73k ya, perforated shell beads, incised ocher fragment

pinnacle point South Africa

71k ya, advanced stone tools, microliths used to create tool components

apollo 11 rock shelter, Namibia

stone plaques with charcoal drawings, half human half animal

cave art

france ((Chauvet, Marseilles, Lascaux) , Spain (Altamira)

• Saliva with powder 

• Animal fur as brushes

• Used contours of cave to make it 3D

• Carried the stone lamps