Systemic Anatomy (EXAM 1)

What is a joint?

Where two bones are jointed via connective tissue

What is the function of joints?

Holds bones together for movement / flexability

What are synovial joints?

Moveable joint separated by an articular cavity

What is a solid joint?

No cavity, just connective tissue

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

- Fibrous

- Cartilaginous

- Synovial

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

- Synarthrosis

- Amphiarthrosis

- Diathrosis

What is the fibrous structural classification?

- No synovial cavity

- Lots of collagen

- Dense irregular connective tissue

What is the cartilaginous structural classification?

- No synovial cavity

- Hyaline cartilage

- Fibrocartilage

What is the synovial structural classification?

- Cavity present

- Dense irregular connective tissue

What is the synarthrosis functional classification?

Immovable

What is the amphiarthrosis functional classification?

Slightly moveable

What is the diarthrosis functional classification?

- Freely moveable

- Variety of shapes

- All synovial

Describe sutures.

- Thin layer of dense connective tissue

- Only present in skull

What is the functional and structure type for sutures?

Functional: Synarthrosis

Structural: Fibrous

What is synostosis?

Fusion of two bones

Describe syndesmoses.

- Band or ligaments

- Greater distance between articulating surfaces

- Ex: Interosseus membrane, ACL, PCL

What is the functional and structure type for syndesmoses?

Functional: Amphiarthrosis

Structural: Fibrous

Describe synchondrosis joints.

- Hyaline cartilage

- Ex: 1st sternocostal joint, growth plate

What is the functional and structure type for synchondrosis?

Functional: Synarthrosis

Structural: Cartilaginous (hyaline)

Describe symphyses joints.

- Always at body midline

- Fibrocartilage

What is the functional and structure type for symphyses?

Functional: Amphiarthrosis

Structural: Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)

What are 3 characteristics of synovial joints?

1. Hyaline cartilage

2. Joint capsule

3. Structures inside the capsule

What is the functional and structure type for synovial joints?

Functional: Diarthrotic

Structural: Synovial

What are 3 features of synovial joints?

1. Articular capsule

2. Synovial fluid

3. Accessory ligaments

What are 2 extracapsular features of synovial joints?

- Bursa

- Tendon sheaths

What is the outer fibrous layer of a synovial joint?

- Extension of periosteum

- Dense, regular connective tissue

- Provides strength and helps with movement

What is the inner fibrous layer of a synovial joint?

- Areolar connective tissue

- Elastic fibers

- Secretes synovial fluid

What is the structure of ligaments?

Bundle of dense, regular connective tissues that resists strains in one direction

What do ligaments do in synovial joints?

Hold bones close together

What secretes synovial fluid?

Synovial membrane

What does synovial fluid consists of?

- Hyaluronic acid

- Interstitial fluid

What are 4 functions of synovial fluid?

- Lubrication

- Shock absorption

- Supplies nutrients

- Removes waste

What are the 2 types of accessory ligaments?

- Extracapsular

- Intracapsular

What are articular discs "Menisci"?

- Fibrocartilage pads between articular surfaces of bones

- Binds to the fibrous membrane

- Divides the synovial cavity into two spaces

Where is the labra found?

Ball and socket joints

What is the labra?

Fibrocartilage lip extending from joint socket

What is the purpose of the labra?

Deepens the joint socket to increase area of contact

What is the function of a bursa sac?

Similar structures to synovial joints that alleviate pressure by cushioning joint movement

What are tendon sheaths?

"Tube-like" bursa that wraps around tendons that experience friction

What is the function of tendon sheaths?

Reduce joint friction as joints move back and forth

What are the 6 shapes of synovial joints?

- Plane (planar)

- Hinge (ginglymus)

- Pivot (trochoid)

- Condylar (ellipsoidal)

- Saddle (sellar)

- Ball and Socket (spheroid)

What are the 3 types of synovial joint movements?

- Uniaxial (one plane)

- Biaxial (two planes)

- Multiaxial (three planes)

What are the 4 main types of synovial joints?

- Gliding

- Angular

- Rotation

- Special movement

What types of bones are involved in gliding movement?

Flat bones

Gliding synovial joints have no alteration to _____________ between bones.

Angle

What do angular synovial joints cause?

Increase or decrease in angle between bones

What 5 types of movement do angular joints do?

- Flexion / hyperflexion

- Extension / hyperextension

- Lateral flexion

- Abduction and Adduction

- Circumduction

What does flexion / extension do?

- Flexion: decrease in angle

- Extension: increase in angle

What is hyperflexion / hyperextension?

Movement beyond normal range of motion

What is adduction / ulnar deviation?

Movement toward the midline

What is abduction / Radial deviation?

Away from midline

What is the midline of the fingers?

Middle of middle finger

What is the midline of the toes

Line at the second toe

What is rotation?

Bone moving around its own axis

What is medial rotation?

Arm moving to midline

What is lateral rotation?

Arm moving away from midline

What is circumduction?

Combination of movements that move the distal part of body in a circle

What are 6 special movements of the body?

- Elevation / depression

- Protraction / retraction

- Inversion / eversion

- Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion

- Supination / pronation

- Opposition

What is elevation in joint movement?

Superior movement

What is depression in joint movement?

Inferior movement

What is protraction in joint movement?

Anterior movement

What is retraction in joint movement?

Draw back to anatomical position

What is inversion in joint movement?

Turn sole of foot inward

What is eversion in joint movement?

Turn sole of foot outward

What is dorsiflexion in joint movement?

Superior movement of foot

What is plantar flexion in joint movement?

Inferior movement of foot

What is supination in joint movement?

Anatomical position of hand "palm up"

What is pronation in joint movement?

Palms posterior or down

What is opposition in joint movement?

The movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the tips of other fingers.

What are characteristics of plane (planar) joints?

- Flat articular surface

- Back and forth, Side to side or rotation movement

- Multiaxial joints

What are examples of plane (planar) joints?

- Intercarpal

- Sternocostal

- Z-joints

What are characteristics of hinge (ginglymus) joints?

- Convex surface

- Angular motion

- Uniaxial

What are examples of hinge (ginglymus) joints?

- Knee

- Elbow

- Interphalangeal

What are characteristics of pivot (trichoid) joints?

- Rounded

- Uniaxial

What are examples of pivot (trichoid) joints?

- Median Atlanto-axial

- Proximal and distal radio-ulnar

What are characteristics of condyloid (ellipsoid) joints?

- Convex, oval shape

- Biaxial

What are examples of condyloid (ellipsoid) joints?

- Atlanto-occipital

- Radiocarpal

- Metacarpophalangeal

What are characteristics of saddle (sellar) joints?

- Saddle shaped

- Biaxial

What are examples of saddle (sellar) joints?

1st Carpometacarpal joint

Sternoclavicular joints

What are characteristics of ball-and-socket (spheroid) joints?

- Ball like surface to cup like depression

- Multiaxial

What are examples of ball-and-socket (spheroid) joints?

- Glenohumeral

- Acetabulofemoral

What are 5 functions of the muscular system?

1. Stabilizes body position

2. Produce movements

3. Regulates organ volume

4. Moves substanses within body

5. Produces heat

What are the 3 types of muscles? How are they controlled?

- Skeletal

- Smooth

- Cardiac

Nervous system

What is fascia?

Connective tissues that line the body wall and limbs

What are the 4 functions of fascia?

- Allows free movement of muscles

- Carriers nerves and vessels

- Fills space between muscles

- Compartmentalizes muscles

What is the epimysium?

Outer layer of muscle that is continuous with the tendon

What is the perimysium?

Forms bundles called fascicles deep to epimysium

What is the endomysium?

Surrounds individuals muscle fibers

What is the origin of muscles?

Stationary attachment, typically medial or proximal

What is the insertion for muscles?

Mobile attachment, typically lateral or distal

What is the body/belly of muscle?

Flesh portion between tendons

What is muscle action?

Main movement when the muscle contracts

What do longer muscle fibers mean?

Greater range of motion

What do larger muscle fiber cross section mean?

More power

What are the 5 muscle fascicle arrangements?

1. Parallel

2. Fusiform

3. Circular

4. Triangular

5. Pennate

What are parallel muscle fascicles? Give an example.

Fascicles that run parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle

- Sternohyoid muscle

What are fusiform muscle fascicles? Give an example.

Fascicle that are nearly parallel but taper to form a larger belly

What are circular muscle fascicles? Give an example.

Fascicles in circular arrangements than enclose an opening

- Orbicularis oculi

What are triangular muscle fascicles? Give an example.

Fascicles that spread over a broad area but converge at a thick central tendon

- Pec major

What are pennate muscle fascicles and their 3 types?

Short fascicles whose tendons extend most of muscle

- Unipennate

- Bipennate

- Multipennate