Unit 6 - Great Depression & New Deal Vocab

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Great Crash

Sudden and steep decline in U.S. stock prices in late October 1929, included Black Tuesday and marked the beginning of the Great Depression, leading to widespread economic hardship.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, U.S. stock market crashed. It marked the beginning of the Great Depression, leading to widespread economic turmoil.

Great Depression

1929–1939, longest and most severe economic downturn in modern U.S. history. triggered by the stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, overproduction, and an uneven distribution of wealth.

Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)

Created in 1896 by Charles Dow, is a stock market index that measures the performance of a selected group of major U.S. industrial and other "blue-chip" companies.

Hooverville(s)

Shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover. Product of Great Depression Homelessness.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought and dust storm disaster in the Great Plains of the U.S. and Canada in the 1930s.
Stripped topsoil, displaced families and disturbed agriculture, leading to economic crash and crop failure.

21st Amendment

(1933) Amendment that repealed the 18th amendment, legalizing alcoholic beverages again.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

US law enacted in June 1930 which tariffs on

imported goods to unprecedented levels.

Goal was to protect American farmers and businesses from foreign competition, but ended up crippling international trade, with other countries even putting up retaliatory tariffs.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Govt. agency established in 1932 under president Hoover to provide emergency loans to banks, railroads, and other large businesses in an effort to prevent their collapse during the

Great Depression. Based off of trickle-down economics bc it was believed that helping large companies ultimately helps the whole economy.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI veterans and their families who marched to Washington DC in 1932 demanding their service bonuses. They built Hoovervilles outside and sat-in outside the White house.

New Deal

Series of programs enacted by FDR in the 1930s to provide relief for the unemployed, recovery of economy, and reform of financial system due to Great Depression.

18th Amendment

(1919-1933) The prohibition law- Banned the production, sale, and purchase of alcoholic beverages.

Public Works Program

Govt.-funded initiatives to create jobs and stimulate the economy through the construction of large-scale infrastructure projects such as roads, dams, bridges, and schools.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal public work relief program that provided jobs and job to over three million young, unemployed, and unmarried men.

Hundred Days

The first period of FDR’s first term-

during it he called a special session of Congress to enact 15 major pieces of legislation to combat the Great Depression.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

New Deal agency that sought to boost agricultural prices and farm income by paying farmers subsidies to REDUCE OVERPRODUCTION in both plants and livestock.

Wagner Act

(Officially the National Labor Relations Act of 1935)

Was a landmark New Deal reform that guaranteed private-sector employees the right to organize into unions, bargain collectively, and take collective action like strikes, while also prohibiting employer unfair labor practices.

2nd New Deal

2nd wave of FDRs programs launched in 1935.

Was more liberal, and shifted the focus from short-term emergency relief and industrial recovery to long-term social reform.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Federally owned corporation- Part of the New Deal to provide NAVIGATION, FLOOD CONTROL, ELECTRICITY, and ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT to the impoverished Tennessee Valley region.

Closed Shop

Labor arrangement where an EMPLOYER ONLY AGREED TO HIRE AND KEEP WORKERS WHO were already members in GOOD STANDING of a specific labor union.

Social Security System

(1935) cornerstone of the New Deal￾federal program that USES PAYROLL TAXES TO provide FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE and a basic safety net for eligible RETIREES, UNEMPLOYED, DISABLED.

American Liberty League

Political party formed in 1934 by CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRATS and wealthy businessmen.
-they OPPOSED NEW DEAL because they viewed it as socialistic.

Nationalization

Process of ESTABLISHING standard diplomatic and economic RELATIONS WITH COUNTRIES THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY HOSTILE.

SHIFT from COLD WAR (happens in future)

Deficit Spending

When a GOVTS EXPENDITURES EXCEED its revenues during a fiscal period.

FDR DID THIS ON PURPOSE to PROVIDE JOBS AND PUBLIC WORKS AT THE EXPENSE OF GOVT MONEY!!

Court Packing

(1937) legislative proposal, the Judiciary Reorganization Bill, which would have allowed him to appoint an additional Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 (to get more favorable survey for the New Deal) Ultimately Failed.

Sit down strike

Effective labor protest tactic where workers stopped working but remained inside the factory.
Obstructed machinery and factory space, so physical force could not be used.

WPA and the Arts

Collection of New Deal programs within the WPA that provided jobs to thousands of unemployed artists, musicians, writers, and actors to create public art, produce theatrical performances, and document American culture.

TLDR: Allowed artists to be employed during the Great Depression by letting them work for the Govt.

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the U.S (1929–1933)

Was in office when the stock market crashed in October 1929, leading to the start of the Great Depression

Dorthea Lange

Photographer that documented life of the impoverished. Brought attention to marginalized groups.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States, (1933-1945), who led the nation through the Great Depression with his New Deal programs and served as a central Allied leader during World War II.

also married his Cousin.

Brain Trust

Harry Hopkins, Raymond Moley, Adolf Berle, and Rexford Tugwell

-Group of informal academic advisors, primarily professors,

-Assisted Franklin D. Roosevelt in developing the policies of the New Deal during his presidential campaign and early administration.

Frances Perkins

-U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945

-First woman appointed to the presidential cabinet. Formed a lot of the New Deal, (Social Security, Labor Standards, etc)

Eleanor Roosevelt

-First Lady, political figure, activist, especially for women.
-Traveled around the country, reporting the effects of the great depression.
-FDR’s “eyes and ears.”

Huey Long

-Populist Governor and U.S. Senator from Louisiana
-Created the national "Share Our Wealth" program during Great Depression

“Father” Charles Coughlin

Catholic priests in 1930s who was a Nazi and didn’t like the New Deal.
-Had a widespread voice and impact, showed the impact of the media, specifically radio.

John L. Lewis

American labor leader, president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) (1920 to 1960)
-Driving force behind Creation of Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)