Diagnostic Methods Final

Age range for WC IV

2-90+

Purpose of Woodcock Johnson IV

Provide a comprehensive set of individually administered, norm-referenced tests for measuring intellectual abilities, academic achievement, and oral language abilities

Purpose of WAB-R

behaviaoral test designed to assess linguistic and nonlinguistic skills that are used to determine if a person has dysphagia

Age range for SCATBI

15+

Age range for MIRBI-2

20-80

Purpose of SCATBI

provide a systematic method of assessment regarding cognitive deficits associated with TBI

Purpose of MIRBI-2

screen clients for neurocognitive deficits associated with right hemisphere lesions

what is a language disorder?

an impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken language, written and/or other symbol system

children with specific language impairment (SLI)...

show language deficits as their primary deficit but also show persisting language processing difficulties into the school-age years

what is a primary language impairment?

the presence of language impairment in the absence of any evidence for gross neurological, emotional, cognitive, or sensory deficits

early \____________ skills appear to be a strong predictor of later language outcomes

receptive

the use of early \__________ may indicate a better prognosis for a child demonstrating a language delay

gestures

what is underextension?

using a word too narrowly

what is autism spectrum disorder?

a behavioral disorder characterized by significant impairments of communication, socialization, and stereotypical behaviors such as limited or no eye contact, and self stimulatory behaviors

what is intellectual disability?

refers to individuals whose nonverbal intelligence quotients (IQ) fall below 75 on standardized measures of intelligence

T or F: down or fragile x syndromes demonstrate a variety of deficits that are caused by a single source

true

early signs of a possible language delay include...

- limited phonetic inventory
- limited nonverbal communication in the form of communicative and symbolic gestures after the age of 9 months
- delayed onset of first words (12 to 14 months of age)
- delayed onset of 2-word combos (18 to 24 months of age)
- limited or no eye contact
- sudden regression in child's development in cognitive, social, and linguistic skill areas
- slow or limited expansion in total number of different words produced the following 15 to 18 months of age
- limited comprehension of basic vocabulary and simple directives

the main objectives for assessment include...

- to identify whether or not a delay or impairment is present
- informal assessment, consideration of the family's concerns, and difficulties in peer interactions are accounted for
- the caregivers and other professionals working with the child are a vital part of the process

T or F: play skills are highly correlated with language ability

true

play skills...

- sheds light on a child's understanding of the functions of objects and symbolism
- serves as a means of establishing rapport with the child in a very naturalistic way
- language samples can be obtained and information on social interaction can be observed

language samples are the \______ common methods of assessing language form, content, and use

most

what is the main purpose of obtaining a language sample?

it is representative of a child in everyday life

a language sample should contain \___ - \___ utterances

50; 100

when a child is unintelligible, but the context is known during the recording, \__________ the child's utterance or name the referent out loud (for later analysis)

repeat

T or F: 4-13% of children are affected by articulation/phonological disorders

true

what is an articulation disorder?

problems producing specific age-expected speech sounds

what is a phonological disorder?

patterns of error of sound use

what is a phoneme?

- the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning
- internal, idealized representation of specific speech sounds

how many phonemes are used in standard english?

40

all vowels are \__________

voiced

vowels are characterized according to...

- tongue height
- tongue position

what is a dipthong?

the combination of two vowels

consonants can be classified by...

- place
- manner
- voice

what is the place of production?

where the sound is produced in the vocal tract

what is the manner of production?

the type of constriction and how the breath stream is managed

what is the voicing of production?

sounds made with or without the use of vocal folds

children follow a fairly \________ path in acquiring the english phonemes

predictable

intelligibility \__________ with more severe hearing loss

decreases

otitis media is the medical term for...

middle ear infection

the traditional approach begins with \________ discrimination training

auditory

language-based approaches may not be suitable for children who exhibit severe \__________ \__________

speech delay

phonological-based approaches focus on phonological pattern \________ (not individual sounds)

errors

during the cycles approach, only \_____ phonological process is targeted at a time, and several cycles may be necessary per target sounds

one

\__________ and \__________ tests must include measurements of the semantic, syntactic, morphological, pragmatic, and phonological levels of the linguistic system

formal; informal

language-related skills include...

- reading
- writing
- spelling
- text comprehension and reformulation across subject areas

what is metalinguistic knowledge?

the ability to reflect on and manipulate the structural features of language

what is working memory?

storage and manipulation of information needed to carry out a task

what are executive functions?

range of cognitive skills, such as attention switching, monitoring behavior, maintaining goals, and avoiding distractions

collateral measures...

- include taking a multiple-perspective approach
- may reveal a wide range of linguistic and communicative skills

collateral test-taking behavior includes...

- sustained and controlled attention
- strategies for managing and coping with challenging tasks
- effectiveness of management and coping strategies

analysis of error patterns considers...

- influence of modality of input
- the relationship of error response to correct response
- self-monitoring and self-correction

background information includes...

- pregnancy, birth health, developmental histories
- language-learning history
- social-communicative interactions
- educational achievements and challenges

examples of clinical interview questions include...

- why did you decide to have your child evaluated?
- could you describe your concerns?
- how is your child doing in school?

T or F: the child's contribution as an informant is of equal importance to that of the parent/guardian

true

selection of formal assessment measures will depend upon the \______ and estimated developmental level of the child as well as the aspect of language, cognitive-linguistic interaction, and language-related skill under consideration

age

what are the advantages of formal assessments?

- provide the opportunity to examine a range of knowledge and skills efficiently
- compare the child's performance to established norms and criteria in order to determine strengths and weaknesses

what are the disadvantages of formal assessments?

- only as good as clinician who administers them
- doesn't measure skills in natural contexts

informal assessment measures provide an examination of the interaction of a range of skill within a more \__________ and perhaps \__________ context

dynamic; natural

what is a type-token ratio (TTR)?

- the ratio of different words to total words in a sample
- number of total words/number of different words
- used to analyze vocabulary usage
- measures lexical diversity

the clinician needs to weigh all of the evidence including...

- parent and teacher reports
- family history
- behavioral observations of the child
- formal testing

children with a history of language impairment during the preschool years are at a \______ risk for reading disorders

high

children with language impairment...

- display weakness in executive functions, working memory, attention, speed of processing, and social communication skills
- may evidence difficulty in phonological skills, morphosyntax and semantics
- have limited lexical knowledge

children with dyslexia...

- show weakness in phonological processing (poor phonological awareness)
- have good morphosyntactic and vocabulary
- display average executive functions, attention control, and speed of processing
- poor phonological working memory
- have good social communication skills

children with reading comprehension deficit...

- have average phonological processing skills
- show weakness in morphosyntax, difficulty with syntactic cues
- have limited lexical knowledge
- show weakness in planning and monitoring behavior
- have average attention control
- display deficit in speed of processing
- have good social communication skills

children with ADHD...

- have average phonological skills, morphosyntax, and lexical knowledge
- have poor inhibition control
- have working memory impairment
- show deficit in attention control, speed of processing
- show weakness in social communication, particularly peer relationships

\_____% of adults reported being denied a promotion or job due to their stuttering

40

\____ out of 10 children reported being bullied because of their stuttering in 2009

8

as SLPs, we are tasked with \____________ the impact, or disability, of stuttering

minimizing

what is stuttering?

speech events that contain monosyllabic whole-word repetitions, part-word repetitions, audible sound prolongations, or silent fixations or blockages

SLPs can directly influence...

- function
- environmental factors
- personal factors

how can SLPs influence function?

by teaching the person about normal speech production, and how to positively impact his/her own speech production through speech modification

how can SLPs influence environmental factors?

- by educating the person, those in the school setting, and family about stuttering in an effort to create awareness and acceptance
- by proactively dealing with negative social consequences

how can SLPs influence personal factors?

by changing attitudes about self and speaking

children typically experience disfluencies between the ages of \___ and \___

2; 5

what are the three critical groups of symptoms that differentiate between typical and atypical stuttering?

1. core behaviors
2. accessory behaviors
3. emotional reactions

core behaviors consist of...

- repetitions
- prolongations
- blocks

T or F: repetitions are the most common form of disfluency

true

\__________ may occur at the phrase, single-word, syllable, or sound level

repititions

prolongations occur when...

sound or airflow continues but movement of articulators is stopped

blocks occur due to the stopping of...

both airflow and sound during production of speech

blocks are generally the \______ core symptoms

last

accessory behaviors...

- are sometimes referred to as secondary behaviors
- can be described as escape behaviors or avoidance behaviors
- represent the reaction of the person who stutters to his or her speech difficulties and usually begin as a random struggle, through which the speaker tries to push out of involuntary repetitions, prolongations, and blocks
- are one of the first signs that a child's stuttering is not developmentally typical

accessory behaviors can include...

- lip pressing
- teeth clenching
- extraneous body movements such as eye blinking, head jerking, fist clenching, stamping
- stereotypic speech utterances

emotional reactions eventually result in habitual \____________ of speaking situations

avoidance

goals of the fluency assessment process include...

1. assess child's capacities for fluency
2. identify potential demands on the child's capacities for fluency
3. assess the child's response to fluency enhancement and disruptions
4. assess needs of family and of school personnel
5. assess child's awareness of, response to, and attitude towards fluency problems

steps in the fluency assessment process include...

- telephone contact
- send forms home
- schedule evaluation
- family/teacher interviews

measurements of core behaviors consider...

1. disfluency types
2. frequency of disfluencies
3. presence of clusters
4. duration of disfluencies

the presence of \>\___ disfluencies per 100 words is valid cause for concern

10

the presence of accessory behaviors reflects the child's growing \__________ of his or her stuttering

awareness

most often, accessory behaviors emerge during the early \____________ years and gradually become part of the child's chronic stuttering pattern

elementary

what is the OASES?

Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering

the OASES is helpful in...

planning treatment due to the fact that the manual gives general guidelines for treatment depending on which area(s) the client/student scores higher in

the OASES examines the impact of stuttering in examining four areas including...

1. general information
2. reactions to stuttering
3. communications in daily situations
4. quality of life

aphasia involves...

problems in the processes underlying receptive and expressive language modalities caused by damage to areas of the brain responsible for language function

aphasia is most defined as an \__________ language disorder typically secondary to left-hemisphere stroke

acquired

what is dementia?

loss of linguistic and cognitive ability due to a progressive brain disease

acquired language disorders include \__________ and \__________ processes

language; cognitive

cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is caused by an interruption of the blood supply to the brain because of...

- a blood vessel occlusion
- bleeding in the brain

what are the eight types of aphasia?

1. global
2. mixed transcortical
3. Broca's
4. transcortical motor
5. Wernicke's
6. transcortical sensory
7. conduction
8. anomic

what does the speech style of Broca's aphasia look like?

- missing function words
- sometimes called telegraphic