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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM NOTES-CHAPTER 10
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1
Endocrine System
A system that, along with the nervous system, helps maintain homeostasis in the human body.
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2
Glands
Collections of epithelial tissue that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
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3
Target Cells
Specific cells or organs that are stimulated by hormones.
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4
Exocrine Glands
Glands that release their products through a duct onto a body surface.
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5
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body.
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6
Hormones
Chemical substances secreted by glands that regulate metabolic functioning of cells and organs.
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7
Amino Acid-based Hormones
Hormones made of varying sizes of amino acids; most human hormones fall into this category.
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8
Steroid-based Hormones
Hormones synthesized from cholesterol, including gonadal and adrenocortical hormones.
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9
Eicosanoids
Hormones typically released by cell membranes; involved in inflammation and allergic reactions.
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10
Negative Feedback System
A mechanism that regulates hormonal secretion to prevent hyposecretion and hypersecretion.
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11
Hyposecretion
Deficient production of hormones.
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12
Hypersecretion
Excessive production of hormones.
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13
Pituitary Gland
The gland located in the Sella Turcica of the sphenoid bone, often referred to as the 'Master Gland'.
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14
Adenohypophysis
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes several important hormones.
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15
Growth Hormone (GH)
A hormone that regulates the growth of the skeleton.
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16
Gigantism
Hypersecretion of GH during the growing years, leading to excessive growth.
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17
Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH in adults, causing enlargement of hands, feet, and face.
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18
Pituitary Dwarfism
Hyposecretion of GH that results in a person being only 3-4 feet tall.
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19
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
A hormone that stimulates secretions from the thyroid gland.
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20
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
A hormone that stimulates hormonal secretions of the adrenal glands.
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21
Gonadotrophins
Hormones that include Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH), regulating sex organs.
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22
Prolactin (PRL)
A protein hormone that stimulates breast development and milk secretion.
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23
Oxytocin (OT)
A hormone that regulates blood pressure and stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.
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24
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A hormone that regulates water balance in the kidneys.
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25
Diabetes Insipidus
A condition resulting from hyposecretion of ADH, causing excessive urine production.
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26
Thyroid Gland
A gland located in the neck that secretes hormones including thyroxine and calcitonin.
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27
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
Hormones that increase the body’s metabolic rate, including thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
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28
Calcitonin (CT)
A hormone that removes calcium from the blood and deposits it in the bones.
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29
Myxedema
A condition resulting from hyposecretion of thyroid hormone in adults.
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30
Goiter
An enlarged thyroid gland.
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31
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism in infants that can lead to severe mental and physical retardation if untreated.
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32
Grave's Disease
A condition resulting from hypersecretion of thyroid hormone, leading to weight loss and increased heart rate.
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33
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
The only hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that increases calcium levels in the bloodstream.
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34
Adrenal Glands
Pyramid-shaped glands sitting on the kidneys, consisting of cortex and medulla regions.
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35
Mineralocorticoids
Hormones that regulate electrolyte concentrations, especially sodium and potassium levels.
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36
Aldosterone
The most abundant mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium levels in the body.
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37
Addison Disease
A condition caused by hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.
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38
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.
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39
Epinephrine
A hormone associated with the 'Fight or Flight' response, secreted by the adrenal medulla.
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40
Glucagon
An amino acid hormone produced in the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose.
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41
Insulin
A protein hormone produced in the pancreas that lowers blood sugar levels.
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42
Diabetes Mellitus
A condition resulting from hyposecretion of insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.
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43
Estrogen
A hormone secreted by the ovaries that stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics.
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44
Testosterone
A hormone secreted by the testes that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics.
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45
Melatonin
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates diurnal rhythms and sleep patterns.
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46
Thymosin
A hormone secreted by the thymus gland that regulates lymphocyte production.
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