Protein Synthesis, RNA, and DNA structures

Biology I(H)

Helicase

unzips and unwinds DNA

DNA Polymerases

enzymes that add DNA nucleotides to the growing DNA molecule, proofreads DNA, and replaces RNA primer with DNA nucleotides

Ligase

“glues” together new nucleotides

Replication

process where DNA is copied into two new strands of DNA

Transcription

when the DNA segment is copied into an RNA strand inside of the ribosomes and mRNA is created

Translation

cell synthesizes the proteins by decoding mRNA instructions to amino acids

mRNA

carries information or the message from the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell to help direct protein synthesis

tRNA

helps link or “transfer” mRNA codons to specific amino acids, this occurs during the translation stage

What is the process of protein synthesis?

• DNA inside of the nucleus contains genetic information of the cell

• mRNA takes information from DNA in the nucleus and sends out the info into the cytoplasm of the cell

• transcription begins where the DNA information is transcribed into a RNA strand

• then the mRNA strand begins to be translated with the help of tRNA

• tRNA allows for the strand to be translated into a strand of amino acids by matching each codon to an amino acid

• stop codon ends the sequence and the protein is now created

Ribosomes

organelle that helps synthesize proteins and found in ALL living cells

Prokaryotic cell

single cell organism that lack membrane bound nucleus or other internal organelles but they do contain ribosomes

• i.e. bacteria, arches

Eukaryotic cell

membrane bound organelle that houses a nucleus and other specialized organelles (golgi body, smooth ER, etc.)

• animal, plants, yeast, plants

Lysosome

this is the waste disposing center and helps with recycling waste

Vesicle

a sac that helps transports and stores waste

Mitochondria

the powerhouse of the cell and helps digest sugar, generate cell death

Golgi Body

modifies, stores, and packages proteins

Vacuole

solely stores water, nutrients, etc.

Cell Wall

strong protective OUTER LAYER found in plants, helps with protection

Cytoplasm

jelly like substance where the organelles are located absorbs salt

Rough ER

helps with protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached

Smooth ER

lipid storage and synthesis

• connected to Rough ER

Sexual Reproduction

creation of UNIQUE offspring combining genetic material from two parents this is done through the process of MEIOSIS

• slower and uses more energy

• changes genetic diversity in species

Meiosis

a sexual reproduction that needs a gametes (sperm/egg) and fertilization

Asexual reproduction

has one single parent and the offspring are genetically identical and done WITHOUT gametes or sex cells

• faster and uses less energy

• does not change genetic diversity in species

Mitosis

a type of asexual reproduction

• i.e. would be wound repair or healing certain things with

Binary Fission

a cell divides into another identical cell (bacteria, amoeba, etc.)

Enzyme

catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by LOWERING activation energy

Subtrates

base material or surface that binds to enzyme at an active site

Temperature and pH can affect the __________ shape.

enzyme

Cell Cycle

ordered sequence of growth a cell goes to create two daughter cells

G1

First stage of interphase in cell cycle, where cell grows, and proteins are synthesized

S

DNA is being replicated

G2

organelles are growing

G2 check point

checks for any damaged cells

G1 checkpint

makes sure DNA is ready to synthesize

CRISPR

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

CRISPR does?

It allows DNA to be cut and removed