civil rights

Jackie Robinson

first African American to play in Major League Baseball

Thurgood Marshall

African American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.

James Meredith

United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933)

Orval Faubus

The Governor who opposed the integration of Central High, Sent the Little Rock National Guard to keep them out. Then gave them no protection at all.

Bull Connor

He was the chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force like fire hoses and police dogs on protesters

Stockley Carmichael

led freedom rides for SNCC, named Prime Minister of the BPP and created "Black Power"

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson. Racial segregation violates 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause ("separate is inherently unequal")

Southern Manifesto

The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration.

Hernandez v. Texas

Supreme Court decision that said it was unconstitutional to keep Mexican Americans off of juries

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Little Rock 9

1st group of black students who were able to attend an all white school because President Eisenhower used federal troops to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities by using nonviolent protests

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. Used court cases to challenge discrimination in America.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

group of mostly African American ministers who worked to fight injustice through nonviolence

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

Gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement.

National Organization of Women

founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez; lobbied for equal opportunity where the EEOC was lacking (gender discrimination); lawsuits and mobilization of public opinion

Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974

Federal act which prohibits discrimination in financing, based on race, age, sex, or marital status.

National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966

created to make sure that consumers were buying safe cars

Silent Spring

1962 book by Rachel Carson that started the environmental movement

Chicano Movement

The Mexican-American movement that sought political and social justice. The Chicano Movement addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans, this stereotyping was addressed through works of literary and visual arts.

Dejure Segregation

segregation that is imposed by law

Defacto Segregation

segregation that exists by practice and custom

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks

Freedom Rides

1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses

How long was the Montgomery bus boycott?

more than a year

why did mlk target birmingham for a civil rights campaign

because it was considered the most segregated city

what were jim crow laws

laws that enforced strict separation of the races

The members of CORE believed

direct, nonviolent methods could gain rights for blacks

in brown II the supreme court

said schools can desegregate with all deliberate speed

what school was there major rioting over james merediths enrollment

university of mississippi

how did t eugene connor react to civil rights marchers in birmingham

ordered the use of police dogs and fire hoses on marchers

what is an argument that people used to prevent affirmative action

it would violate the goal of creating a colorblind society

at what point did the black panthers believe african americans would be free

when they gained full control of community institutions

how did the black panthers exemplify the idea of black power

make programs for african americans to help themselves in communities

who signed the civil rights act of 1964

president johnson

congress’ response to silent spring was to

restrict the use of DDT

coordinated by young people to take nonviolent direct action against segregation and other forms of racism

SCLC

WEB DuBois was one of its founding members

NAACP

fought racial injustices such as denying voting rights, racial violence, segregation and discrimination in employment

NAACP

this group used tactics like sit ins and civil disobedience to challenge segregation

CORE

MLK Jr was an important leader in this group

SCLC

This group focused its desegregation tactics on the south, especially cities like selma and montgomery

SCLC

members of the black panther party

newton, cleaver, seale

this group argued for armed self defense, especially against police

black panther party

what is AIM

American Indian Movement- combat police brutality and racial profiling

what is the trail of broken treaties

march in DC to protest treaty violations for native americans, to restore land, and to abolish the bureau of indian affairs

what is NOW

national organization for women to pursue womens goals and rights

what is ERA

equal rights amendment (for women)

Who made La Raza Unida

José Angel Gutiérrez

what did Cézar Chávez do

fought for union for farms in california

what was IDEA for

free appropriate education for all children with disabilities

what is ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act

what is ADAPT

Americans with Disabilities for Public Transport

who was the first asian american women in congress

Dalip Saund

what was the delano strike

for labor rights for asian americans