Regulation of Bodily Fluids

osmoregulation in a marine fish

- GAIN water and salt ions from food through FOOD

- EXCRETION of salt ions from gills

-osmotic water LOSS through gills and other parts of body surface

- excretion of salt ions and SMALL AMOUNTS of water in scanty urine from kidneys

Excretion

the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous

Osmoregulation

It is the process of maintenance of salt and water balance(osmotic balance) across membranes within the body's fluids, which are cpomposed of water, plus electrolytes and non-electrolytes.

Electrolyte

is a solute that dissociates into ions whendissolved in water

non-electrolyte

doesn't dissociate into ionsduring water dissolution

diffusion

solute move from HIGH to LOW concentration

osmosis

solvent (water) move from LOW to HIGH concentration

1. Metabolic Wastes
2. Non- Metabolic Wastes

TYPES OF WASTES

metabolic waste

may be separated into gases ,liquids, solids, and heat

non- metabolic wastes

are mainly materials that, by virtue oftheir chemical makeup, are indigestible or unusable by an organism

alimentary canal

Animals have different ways of excreting wastes:

- solid wastes

respiratory system

Animals have different ways of excreting wastes:

- gaseous wastes

urinary tract/ excretory system

Animals have different ways of excreting wastes:

- aqueous wastes

1. oscoformer
2. osmoregulator

An animal can maintain water balance in two ways.

Osmoconformer

to be isosmotic with its surroundings. All \___________________are marine animals. Because an\______ internal osmolarity is the same as that of its environment, there is no tendency to gain or lose water.

Osmoregulator

to control internal osmolarity independent of that of the external environment. They must discharge excess water. In a hyperosmotic environment, an osmoregulator must instead take in water to offset osmotic loss. This also allows many marine animals.

osmoregulation in a marine fish

GAIN of water and salt ions from food through MOUTH

GAIN of water and salt ions from DRINKING SEAWATER

EXCRETION of salt ions from gills

osmotic water LOSS through gills and other parts of body surface;

excretion of salt ions and SMALL AMOUNTS of water in scanty urine from kidneys

osmoregulation in a fresh water

GAIN of water and some ions in FOOD

UPTAKE of salt ions by gills

osmotic water GAIN through gills and other parts of body surface

excretion of salt ions and LARGE AMOUNTS of water in dilute urine from kidneys

1. Ammonia
2. Urea
3. Uric Acid

types of animal nitrogenous by-products

ammonia

most common in aquatic species. In many invertebrates, it release occurs across the whole body surface.

urea

the product of a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide in the liver.

uric acid

It is relatively nontoxic and does not readily dissolve in water.
It can be excreted as a semisolid paste with very little water loss.

excretory process

1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
4. Excretion

Transpiration stream

A passage where water is transported from the root to all areas of the plant.

- root pressure
- capillarity
- transpiration pull

Factors that play a role in pushing water up the transpiration stream

root pressure

This factor is brought about by osmosis and the unequal concentration of water across the plant. Osmosis will occur up the plant until there is an equal concentration.

capillarity

This is due to adhesion, the force of attraction between two different particles. When water passes up the thin xylem tubes, it adheres to its surface area, while the force of osmosis gently pushes the water molecules to their desired location

transpiration pull

This is thought to be the major force that allows water to be transported throughout a plant.
Water is transpired by a plant via stomata, which means water concentration in these areas will be especially low. Since osmosis occurs across a concentration gradient, water will go into areas to even out the water concentration across the plant.

1. Curving of leaves
2. Hairy Stomata
3. Lower Frequency of Stomata

Evolutionary Adaptations for Water Retention

Curving of Leaves

The leaf surface curves in on itself, meaning the water transpired remains in close contact with the leaf. The result is a high concentration of water adjacent to the leaf surface, which will move across the concentration gradient of water back into the plant. In this instance, less of the leaf surface area is exposed directly to the atmosphere.

Hairy Stomata

This has the same effect of curved leaves, preventing a clean break of water into the atmosphere from transpiration. Water molecules stick to these hairs, due to the adhesive attraction between the two structures.

Lower Frequency of Stomata

Fewer stomata across a plant means less opportunity for water to escape.