Bio Final Massive All Definitions

active transport

uses energy to move materials up the concentration gradient

aerobic transport

uses oxygen to "burn" food bonds to release energy (ATP) 36 ATP

anaerobic respiration

doesn't use oxygen to break down food bonds to create energy (short term) 2 ATP

alleles

A variant of a gene for the same trait

Allosteric action

many enzymes combine with some type of regulatory molecule (cofactor/coenzyme) which alters the shape of the active site resulting in either activation or inhibition

Anticodon

three bases in tRNA that lock into mRNA

a- site

accepts the new, incoming tRNA with its amino acid

aster rays

new cytoskeleton

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, universal energy storage molecule

Autolysis

self destruction of cell, performed by lysosomes

suicide sacs

nickname for lysosomes

bateson

gave us the terms heredity, zygote, homozygous, and heterozygous

biological tracers

radioisotopes that are pumped through body systems to follow their pathways

benign

WILL NOT BE AN ANSWER ON EXAM

binary fission

a form of asexual reproduction where one body becomes two

biosynthesis

the production of complex molecules within living organisms or cells

example of biosynthesis

protein synthesis

CAP

attachment point for ribosome and protects mRNA from enzymes in cytoplasm

Capillarity

when water crawls up into a small space (bc its attracted to the molecules in that space)

Carcinogen

any substance that can cause cancer (mutagens)

carrier

person that is heterozygous for a trait (have the recessive trait but don't display it, can still pass it down to offspring)

cell cycle

the lifespan or generational time of a cell from its beginnings to when it divide

G1

a cell reaches its adult size, it performs its cell function, most of the cell’s life (only lifespan if it actually dies)

S (synthesis)

DNA replication, cell is committed to dividing

G2

produces all the materials necessary for cellular division before protein synthesis shuts down (getting ready to divide)

G0

jumps out of cell cycle, will never divide again

Cell / plasma membrane

generic cell membrane

Contains phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, glyco/lipoproteins

Cell plate

Where the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, during cell division.

Cell theory

All cells come from living cells

Cells are the basic unit of structure

Cells are the basic unit of function

Cellular respiration

a process used to extract energy found in chemical bonds of food and convert it into ATP

Cellulose

main component of cell walls

Cell wall

provides protection and support (made up of primary cell wall, secondary cell wall and middle lamella)

Cell junctions

attachment points between cells

Tight junctions

impermeable barrier

snap junctions

holds cells together to make tissues

Gap junctions

fast transport of materials, directly talk to one another

Centriole

made up of a 9+0 pattern of microtubules lying at right angles to each other

Centromere

holds sister chromatids together,

Centrosome

non membrane bound, near the nucleus, composed of two centrioles lying at right angles to each other

Chemosynthesis

organisms use chemical energy rather than sunlight to produce food

Chlorophyll

green pigment, absorbs sunlight

Chloroplast

organelle that contains photo-pigments that capture solar energy... involved in energy production

Chromatids

replicate copies of DNA held together by the centromere

Chromatin

combination of DNA and histones

Chromoplasts

"colored plastids" contain characteristic colors to flowers and fruits, aid in seed dispersal

Chromosomes

colored bodies; chromatin that has been condensed

Cilia

short, membrane covered, hair-like projections (9+2 microtubule pattern inside)

Cleavage furrow

where a cell splits during mitosis due to actin fibers pulling in. Occurs in animal cells

Codominance

WILL NOT BE AN ANSWER ON EXAM

Codons

every three bases in mRNA

Complementary

specific pairing of nucleotide bases in RNA and DNA (they match one another, fit like a puzzle)

Concentration gradient

the difference between high and low concentration

Consensus sequence

TATAAT- most commonly used sequence of bases in a promoter.

Cristae

infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria

cristae provide?

more surface area. Allows more enzymes to attach to the membrane, allowing for greater energy production

Crossing over

(synapsis / prophase 1) homologous chromatids exchange segments with one another

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

In plant cells - cell plate

In animal cells - cleavage furrow

Cytolysis

cell destruction; cells bursting

Cytoplasm

area outside the nucleus

Where translation occurs

Cytoskeleton

a combination of solid protein filaments and hollow protein tubules that have a supportive role

Denatured

3D shape is altered because of damage to secondary and tertiary bonds

Daughter cells of mitosis

split from parent cell

Deoxyribose sugar

sugar in DNA, missing 1 oxygen

Dialysis

movement of a solute through a membrane from high to low concentration (not the water)

Diffusion

movement from a highly concentrated area to a lower concentrated area

Diploid

full set of chromosomes characteristic of a species (2n)

Dominant gene

are always expressed if inherited; represented by capital letter

Double helix

twisted / spiral ladder

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA helicase

unzips strands of DNA

DNA polymerase

adds complementary bases in a 5 prime (5') to 3 prime (3') direction

DNA replication

DNA makes a copy of itself

DNA templating

when the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied by complementary base pairing into either DNA or RNA

Dihybrid cross

crossing of two traits at the same time

Editing

a series of steps that modifies nRNA into functional mRNA

Removes introns from exons (splicing)

Add CAP

Poly-a tail

Elongation

building growing polypeptide chain

Endergonic reactions

absorb energy

Exergonic reactions

releases energy

Endocytosis

movement of materials into the cell

Endosymbiosis

a symbiotic relationship where two organisms live together, one inside the other, and both benefit from the relationship

ER

endoplasmic reticulum

Granular ER

has attached ribosomes, involved in the production of secretory proteins

Agranular ER

synthesis of lipids and steroids, detoxification of harmful substances; no attached ribosomes

E-site

where the free tRNA "exits" the ribosome to go and pick up new a.a

Eukaryotic

true nucleus, has membrane bound organelles

Exocytosis

movement of materials out of the cell

Exergonic reactions

release energy

Exons

good or expressed segments

Extracellular

outside the cell

Facilitated diffusion

solute passes through a membrane aided by transport proteins

Fermentation

form of anaerobic respiration

Lactic acid fermentation

in muscles, produces lactic acid

Oxygen debt

Alcohol fermentation

produces ethyl alcohol

Fertilization

union of the male and female gametes combining two sets of genetic material to produce a zygote

First law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed

Flagella

long, membrane covered, whip-like projections

Gametes

sex cells, haploid

Gametogenesis

maturation of sex cells into gametes

Gene activation

turning a gene on

Gene expression

when a gene is transcribed