Pathognomics and Clinical Correlations in Medical Conditions

Comprehensive flashcards covering essential medical terms, conditions, and their associated clinical features.

Pathognomics

The characteristic symptoms or signs of a disease.

Actinic keratosis

A precancerous condition that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma.

Albuminocytologic dissociation

A condition observed in Guillan-Barre syndrome characterized by increased protein in cerebrospinal fluid with a modest increase in cell count.

Wernicke's encephalopathy

A neurological condition resulting from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, often associated with alcoholism.

Goodpasture's syndrome

An autoimmune disease characterized by anti-basement membrane antibodies causing glomerulonephritis and lung hemorrhage.

Scleroderma (CREST)

A form of scleroderma characterized by Calcinosis, Reynaud's phenomenon, Esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, and Telangiectasia.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

An autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies.

Pemphigus vulgaris

An autoimmune blistering condition associated with antiepithelial cell antibodies.

Celiac disease

An autoimmune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten, associated with anti-gliadin antibodies.

Drug-induced SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus triggered by certain medications, characterized by antihistone antibodies.

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of anti-IgG antibodies.

Primary biliary cirrhosis

A chronic disease of the liver characterized by autoimmune destruction of the bile ducts, associated with antimitochondrial antibodies.

Vasculitis

An inflammation of blood vessels, associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

A disorder characterized by low platelet count and easy bruising, associated with antiplatelet antibodies.

Marfan's syndrome

A genetic disorder affecting connective tissue, characterized by arachnodactyly and other systemic issues.

Neurosyphilis

A complication of syphilis affecting the nervous system, often presenting with Argyll-Robertson pupils.

Rheumatic fever

An inflammatory disease following streptococcal infection, characterized by Aschoff bodies.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

A type of cancer characterized by the presence of Auer rods in blood cells.

Sickle cell anemia

A genetic condition characterized by the sickling of red blood cells, often leading to autosplenectomy.

Babinski sign

An indication of upper motor neuron lesion, observed by an upward movement of the big toe when the foot is stroked.

Baker's cyst

A fluid-filled cyst behind the knee often associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Ankylosing spondylitis

A type of arthritis affecting the spine, often characterized by a 'bamboo spine' appearance on x-ray.

Lead poisoning

A condition leading to basophilic stippling of red blood cells.

Multiple myeloma

A malignancy characterized by the presence of Bence-Jones proteins in urine.

Sarcoidosis

A systemic granulomatous disease commonly presenting with bilateral hilar adenopathy and uveitis.

Histiocytosis X

A rare disorder characterized by Birbeck granules.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid, often characterized by a 'bloody tap' on lumbar puncture.

Chronic bronchitis

A chronic respiratory condition associated with the 'blue bloater' phenotype.

Fibrocystic change of the breast

A benign condition characterized by blue-domed cysts.

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A genetic disorder characterized by blue sclera due to collagen defects.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A congenital heart defect often characterized by a boot-shaped heart on x-ray.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease characterized by Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes.

Rheumatoid arthritis (boutonniere deformity)

A systematic inflammatory disorder causing a characteristic deformity of fingers.

Actinomyces israelii

Bacteria that can cause oral infections, often identified by branching rods.

Hyperparathyroidism

A condition presenting with brown tumors of bone due to osteitis fibrosa cystica.

Down's syndrome

A genetic disorder characterized by Brushfield spots in the eyes.

Lead poisoning (Bruton's lines)

Characteristic lines seen in lead poisoning, associated with exposure.

Wegener's granulomatosis

An autoimmune disease characterized by c-ANCA positivity.

Polyarteritis nodosa

A vasculitis associated with p-ANCA positivity.

Neurofibromatosis

A genetic disorder characterized by cafe-au-lait spots.

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

A genetic disorder marked by calf pseudohypertrophy.

Granulosa/thecal cell tumor

A type of ovarian tumor characterized by Call-Exner bodies.

Chagas' disease

A parasitic infection associated with cardiomegaly.

Mycosis fungoides

A type of skin lymphoma characterized by cerebriform nuclei.

Syphilis (chancre)

An initial painless sore seen in primary syphilis.

Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid)

A bacterial infection causing painful ulcers.

Charcot's triad

Classic findings in multiple sclerosis: nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech.

Bronchial asthma

A respiratory condition identified by Charcot-Leyden crystals.

Tay-Sachs disease

A genetic disorder marked by a cherry-red spot on the macula.

Niemann-Pick disease

A condition associated with a cherry-red spot on the macula.

Central retinal artery occlusion

A condition causing a cherry-red spot on the macula.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A breathing pattern characterized by a cycle of apnea and hyperpnea.

Endometriosis

A condition characterized by chocolate cysts of the ovaries.

Chronic atrophic gastritis

A predisposing factor for gastric carcinoma.

Chvostek's sign

A sign of hypocalcemia observed by facial muscle spasm upon tapping the area.

Clue cells

Vaginal epithelial cells that may indicate Gardnerella vaginitis.

Osteosarcoma

A bone cancer identified by Codman's triangle on x-ray.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A bacterial agent associated with cold agglutinins in pneumonia.

Myxedema

A severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by cold intolerance.

Condylomata

Genital warts associated with secondary syphilis.

Patent ductus arteriosus

A congenital heart defect associated with a continuous machinery murmur.

Cotton-wool spots

Retinal findings associated with chronic hypertension.

Measles

A viral illness presenting with cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, and fever.

Councilman bodies

Cellular changes seen in toxic or viral hepatitis, representing dead hepatocytes.

Cowdry type A bodies

Inclusions seen in cells infected by herpesvirus.

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

Associated with crescents in Bowman's capsule.

Currant-jelly sputum

A classic description of sputum seen in Klebsiella pneumonia.

Curschmann's spirals

Whorled mucous plugs found in bronchial asthma.

D-dimers

Fibrin degradation products associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Parkinson's disease

A basal ganglia disorder associated with the depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra.

Pellagra

A deficiency in niacin leading to dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea.

Hand-Schueller-Christian disease

A form of histiocytosis associated with exophthalmic abnormalities.

Pasteurella multocida

Bacteria commonly associated with infections from dog or cat bites.

Donovan bodies

Large mononuclear cells seen in granuloma inguinale.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A connective tissue disorder characterized by elastic skin.

Lyme disease

A tick-borne illness characterized by erythema chronicum migrans.

Acute cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder associated with being fat, female, fertile, and forty.

Fatty liver

A liver condition associated with alcoholism.

Asbestosis

Lung condition caused by exposure to asbestos characterized by ferruginous bodies.

Ghon focus

A primary lesion in pulmonary tuberculosis.

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (Gower's maneuver)

A sign of muscle weakness, characterized by difficulty rising from a sitting position.

Beta thalassemia (hair-on-end appearance)

A condition characterized by distinctive x-ray findings in the skull.

Pulmonary embolism (Hampton's hump)

A convex opacity adjacent to the chest wall or diaphragm indicating embolism.

Sickle cell anemia (HbS)

A condition caused by a structural change in hemoglobin, leading to sickled red blood cells.

Choriocarcinoma

A highly malignant trophoblastic tumor, often associated with elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

Infertility in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome

Caused by an XXY karyotype, presenting with male eunuch phenotype.

Fibrocystic disease of the breast

Benign breast condition often characterized by cysts, and can be associated with blue domes on imaging.

Multiple myeloma (hypergammaglobulinemia)

A hematological malignancy characterized by monoclonal spikes on electrophoresis.

Cavitating lung lesions

Often associated with conditions such as tuberculosis or lung cancers.

Neuroblastoma (Homer Wright rosettes)

A pediatric cancer characterized by rosette formations within the tumor.

Astrocytoma vs. Oligodendroglioma

Different types of brain tumors characterized by varying cellular morphology.

Colorectal cancer risk factors

Includes increased age, family history, diet high in red meat, and smoking.

Infectious mononucleosis (heterophil antibodies)

Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fatigue and lymphadenopathy.

Spleen-related symptoms

Associated with conditions leading to splenomegaly or functional disorders.

Thalassemia major (hemoglobin F elevated)

A severe form of thalassemia characterized by high levels of fetal hemoglobin.

Rheumatoid arthritis hallmark

Presence of anti-IgG antibodies leading to joint inflammation.

Anemia of chronic disease

Characterized by low serum iron with low total iron-binding capacity.

Erythrocytosis

An increase in red blood cell mass, typically leading to increased hemoglobin levels.

Cholelithiasis (fatty food intolerance)

Gallbladder disease often leading to pain after fatty meals.

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Occurs following streptococcal infections, characterized by hematuria and hypertension.