Psych disorders exam 2

science and psuedoscience in substance use 

alcholics anonymous is a bit like a psuedo science, DARE as well

• can’t do empirical research 

• lacks rigorous scientific validation, relying instead on anecdotal evidence and personal testimonials.

us stats

• 15% never drank

• 30% of us over 12 absinent in the past year

• 25% have been drunk in the past 30 days

• 25% of suicides

• 45% not had a drink in the past month.

alchol use disorder

COCK RUB

continued use to cope with issues, overtime, cant stop, knows effects

 resistance(tolerance), use in hazardous situations ,bad withdrawls

learning theory 

behaviors are acquired through conditioning and reinforcement, influencing substance use patterns.

learning theory w/ overdose 

people die in hotel rooms more because their body was not prepared

opiod crisis

• overperscription of painkillers

• heroin use

• very addictive 

opiod harm reduction

• lower issue opiods

• clean needles 

• centralized medical system 

gambling disorder

addiction to gambling

• cannot stop

• affects life

• irritable

agonist

increases effects of neurotransmitter

antagonist

replaces neurotransmitter on receptor to block its effects

neuropsychologists

focus on relationships between brain structures and what they do. Clinical is more focused on treatment.

agnosia

a deficit in recognizing

aphasia

a language impairment affecting communication.

apraxia

a motor disorder affecting the ability to perform tasks or movements

delirium

presents with the symptoms of psychosis and dementia

causes

• drugs

• metabolic imbalences

• infections

• neurological disorders

• stress from surgery 

broca’s aphasia

produces non fluent speech

wernicke’s aphasia 

inability to understand language 

prosopagnosia

inability to recognize faces

dissociative amnesia

a loss of memory for a short period of time

fugue state

total loss of memory, leave life

depersonalization

watching life instead of living it

disociative identity disordeer

different identities

different demographics 

1% of population

Iatrogenic

treatment that creates illness

what makes DID

it is latrogenic

trauma response

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary muscle movements, often as a side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication use.

twin studies

monozygotic: 40% chance

dyzgotic: 10% chance

effects of dopamine in schizophrenia

excess DA subcortically explains positive symptoms

lack of DA prefrontally explains negative symptoms

positive symptoms

Examples include hallucinations and delusions. Auditory hallucinations are the most common.  

delusions

False beliefs about the world. Not consistent with reality.  

Delusion of grandeur

thoughts that make the person seem more powerful/knowing than they are.  

Delusions of paranoia

scared of something that is not there, irrelevant.

Delusions of persecution

scared to be taken away/taken into questioning. 

Negative symptoms

persistent and enduring symptoms that reflect a reduction or absence of normal behaviors and emotions 

Anhedonia

loss of pleasure of things the person enjoyed.   

Alogia

Loss of speech. Less talking.  

Flat/Blunt affect

Characterized by a complete absence of emotional expression 

Prodrome

A period of time in advance to when there are symptoms present before onset/meeting criteria.  

Pathognomonic

If this symptom is present-> there is a disorder 

Disorganized symptoms

difficultly organizing their written and verbal communication 

Loose associations

Thin connections between thoughts and ideas

Word salad

A nonsensical combination of words to create sentences and thoughts 

schizophrenia criteria

Needs two of more of the following 5 symptoms. 1. Hallucinations, 2. Delusions. 3. Disorganized speech. 4. Grossly disorganized behavior. 5. Negative symptoms. Need to have at least 1 from 1-3. Symptoms need to be present for at least 6 months 

Neurobiology of schizophrenia

Brains are different with schizophrenia, enlarged ventricles