Ch. 9- Maslow: Holistic -Dynamic Theory

What is the Holistic-Dynamic Theory?

Theory that assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow towards psychological health, that is, self-actualization

What are some examples of the Holistic-Dynamic Theory?

Ex: Going to the store
Ex: Catching up on some homework
Ex: Larger life goals

How many forces are there in psychology?

3

What is the First Force in psychology?

Psychoanalysis and its modifications

What is the Second Force in psychology?

Behaviorism

What is the Third Force in psychology?

Humanistic

Who composed the Third Force in psychology?

Maslow, Allport, May, and Rogers

What did Maslow believe about humans in relation to nature?

That they had a higher nature than other theories previously suggested

What is motivation comprised of?

1) Is holistic (whole person, not just single part of function)
2) Is usually complex (from multiple motives)

What are people continually motivated by?

One need or another

People everywhere are motivated by what?

The same needs

How can needs be arranged?

In a hierarchy

What does the Hierarchy of Needs claim?

That lower level needs must be satisfied (prepotency) before reaching higher level needs

What are the 5 needs from bottom to top?

1)Physiological
2)Safety
3)Love and Belongingness
4)Esteem
5)Self-Actualization

What are physiological needs and how are they different from other needs?

They differ from other needs because:
-Only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied
-Have a reoccurring nature

What are examples of physiological needs?

Food, water, oxygen, body temperature maintenance

What are safety needs?

-Physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from war, illness, fear, etc.
-Irrational fears from childhood that linger into adulthood could cause basic anxiety
-Can't be overly satisfied

What is an example of a safety need?

A house or place of shelter

Why can't safety needs be overly satiated?

Because you can't truly avoid or be safe from certain things at all times
(Ex: not always safe from a meteor hitting Earth)

What are love and belongingness needs?

-Desire for friendship, mate, children, family, etc.

What happens to people who have their love and belongingness needs satisfied in the early years?

They do not feel panic when denied love
(May feel it for a period of time but not 5 years down the road)
Ex: You are very friendly and you were shown love at a young age. Thought you wanted to be friends with someone but they didn't want to be friends back with you. You may be a little distraught but it won't last forever.

What happens to people who have never experienced love? Example?

They may be incapable of giving it and will devalue love
Ex: The Grinch

What happens to people who have only received small amounts of love?

They have stronger needs for affection and acceptance.

What are esteem needs?

-Self-respect, confidence, competence, knowledge that others hold them in high esteem

Self-esteem is based on more than just prestige, but also reflects what?

"A desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery, for competence, and for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom"

Ex: Keep on practicing a sport; boosts confidence and self-esteem when you get really good at it

What are self-actualization needs?

-Self-fulfillment, the realization of one's potential, the desire to be creative in the full sense of the word

What are the 5 main needs (the hierarchy) considered?

Conative Needs

What are conative needs?

The part of life dealing with striving and motivation

What are the 3 other Categories of Needs outside of the Hierarchy?

1) Aesthetic Needs
2) Cognitive Needs
3) Neurotic Needs

What are aesthetic needs?

-Not universal, but some people in every culture are motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences
-Prefer beauty to ugliness
-May become physically or spiritually ill when forced to live in squalid (gross) conditions

What is an example of aesthetic needs?

An artist sacrifices food to focus on her art and the beauty of her art, and lives in an old abandoned building

What are cognitive needs?

-Desire to know, understand, and be curious
-If blocked, the hierarchy is threatened because knowledge is necessary for all 5 conative needs
-Healthy people desire to know more

With regards to cognitive needs, what happens when someone with this is lied to or if curiosity is stifled?

-Skepticism, cynicism, and disillusionment

What are neurotic needs?

-Leads to stagnation and pathology (Maslow thinks Neurotic Needs are bad)
-By definition, they are nonproductive

What did Maslow say about Neurotic Needs?

"It makes little difference for ultimate health whether a neurotic need be gratified of frustrated." -Maslow

The hypothetical average person satisfies needs with what percentages?

1) Physiological- 85%
2) Safety- 70%
3) Love and Belongingness- 50%
4) Esteem- 40%
5) Self-Actualization- 10%

Why does the percentage of people get smaller when talking about Satisfaction of Needs?

Because not all people are able to move to the next level, therefore making it fewer and fewer people who actually reach self-actualization

Can the Satisfaction of Needs be done in reverse order?

It is generally done in the stated order of the hierarchy, however, it can be done in a different order only sometimes
It might also depend on cultural differences

What is an example of the Satisfaction of Needs of the hierarchy being done in reverse order?

Ex: Tibetan monks
Ex: Starving artist whose creativity causes him to neglect his safety and well-being (cares more about satisfying aesthetic needs of painting)

What does Deprivation of Needs lead to?

Metapathology

What is Metapathology?

Absence of values, lack of fulfillment, and loss of meaning in life (The more you think about something, the more you will lose sight about meaning in life (Basically a cycle) )

What is Metapathology?

The more you think about something, the more you will lose sight about meaning in life
(Basically a cycle)

What is the Instinctoid Nature of Needs?

Some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning

What does thwarting of Instinctoid Needs do?

Produces frustration and pathology

What does thwarting of Noninstinctoid Needs do?

Does not produce frustration or pathology

What is an example of an Instinctoid Needs?

1) Need to have food (physiological need) -what happens when you don't have food? you get hangry, lose weight if long enough, you'll get sick

2) Need to have sex (physiological need)- what happens if you don't want to have sex with partner? they will get angry/frustrated with you or try to coerce you

What is a Noninstinctoid Need example?

Something that wouldn't make you angry or frustrated if it were missing

What leads to psychological health?

Persistent and Satisfaction

Instinctoid Needs are ____________.

Species-specific. Animals don't care about esteem.

What can Instinctoid Needs be altered by?

Environmental Influences

What are some characteristics of Higher Level Needs?

1)They are later on the phylogenetic or evolutionary scale
2) They produce more happiness and more peak experiences, although satisfaction of lower level needs may produce a degree of pleasure

What is an example of a Lower Level Need producing pleasure?

When you're at a restaurant and you are so hungry and you have to wait a long time, and the waiter finally brings you the food and you get a little excited
(physiological need of food is producing pleasure)

What are the criterion for Self-Actualization?

1) Free from psychopathology
2) Progressed through the hierarchy of needs
3) Embracing of the B-values
4) Fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop, and become what they were capable of becoming (Ex: Adler- wanted everyone to be psychologically healthy/ wanted success for all human kind

What are B-values?

"Being" values indicative of psychological health
-Ordinary need motivation vs. motives of self-actualized people, which he called Metamotivation
-Metamotivation is characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is associated with B-values

What is Metamotivation?

-Ordinary need motivation vs. motives of self-actualized people
-Metamotivation is characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is associated with B-values

When it comes to metamotivation, what is expressive behavior?

proactive

When it comes to metamotivation, what is coping behavior?

reactive

What are Characteristics of Self-Actualized people?

1) Easily able to detect phoniness in others
2) Can accept themselves the way they are
3) Interested in problems outside themselves (like social interest!)
4) Can be alone without being lonely (like Erikson's Identity vs. Identity Confusion)
5) Aware of and appreciate others and circumstances
6) Have deep and profound feelings for others
7) Clear sense of right and wrong
8) Creative
(There will be overlap from each of the conative needs)

What are self-actualized people capable of doing?

Both giving and receiving love

What are self-actualized people NOT motivated by?

D-love (deficiency love) which is common to other people

What are self-actualized people motivated by?

B-love (love for the "being" of the other)

What is sex between two B-lovers considered?

A mystical experience