SOCI 201 Final Exam

Nuclear Family

The definition of a family which includes a parent/s and children.

Extended Family

The definition of a family which includes parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Blended Families

The definition of a family which describes reconstituted families.

Simple Households

The definition of a family system which includes unrelated adults with or without children.

Complex Households

The definition of a family system which includes two or more adults who are un/related but unmarried and could therefore be expected to live separately. Ex. Roommates.

Multigenerational Households

The definition of a family system which includes multiple generations living together.

Changing Family Organizations

• Divorce rate increasing

• Pregnancy in the 30s

• Drop in children per family/families with children

• Children leaving home later

• Rise in lone-parent families

• More solo households

Quebecois Families

• lowest cohabitation rate in Canada

• lowest marriage rate

• highest divorce rate

Conjugal Roles

The distinctive marital roles that result from the division of labour within the family.

Bott Hypothesis

The theory from Elizabeth Bott (1957) which characterized conjugal roles as either Segregated or Joint.

Segregated Conjugal Roles

A conjugal reality where tasks, interests, and activities are clearly different. Often seen in recent immigrants from areas which most adhere to these roles.

Joint Conjugal Roles

A conjugal reality where many tasks, interests, and activities are shared.

Beaujot’s Theory

The relationship theory from Beaujot which states that society has moved from complementary to companionate relationships.

Complementary Roles

Beaujot’s theory which casts men as breadwinners and women as primarily involved in the unpaid work of childcare/housework.

Companionate Roles

Beaujot’s theory which states that breadwinning and caretaking roles overlap.

Double Burden/Second Shift Theory

The theory which states that many married women, especially those with young children, still do more unpaid work at home than married men. Creates an imbalance in conjugal roles.

Double Ghetto Theory

The theory that the marginalization of working women happens both inside and outside of home.

Gender Strategy

A theory on how to correct gender imbalances through which a person tries to solve problems at hand, given cultural notions of gender at play.

Occupational Segregation

The phenomenon where women tend to choose occupations that have the greatest flexibility in terms of childcare-related work inturruptions.

Endogamy

The term which refers to the marriage between two people of the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group.

Exogamy

The term which refers to the marriage between individuals not in the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group.

Residential Schools

Racist tool created by colonists to keep Indigenous children away from the influence of their parents and communities.

Forced Sterilization

The process of artificially controlling the population/families by sterilizing individuals (mostly women, 25% Indigenous).

The Sixties Scoop

The socio-political event in the 1960s which involved the removal of Indigenous children from their families by government-affiliated agencies.

Health

A state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing.

Foucauldian Medical Gaze

• The social distance between doctors and patients places doctors in an authoritative position.

• Doctors analyze patient information into relevancy.

• objectification of the human body

• institutionalization of medicine

‘Docile Body’

The advancement of objectification of the human body.

Policy Sociology

The branch of sociology concerned with attempts to improve the delivery of health services through sociologically informed research.

Critical Sociology

The branch of sociology concerned with examining the practices of multinational pharmaceutical companies, medical schools, and privately run, for-profit clinics and hospitals. Explores how power relates to these concepts.

The Sick Role

Talcott Parsons’ theory that there are four expectations which come with being considered as sick.

4 Expectations for the Sick Role

1. Exemption from normal social responsibilities

2. Should be taken care of

3. Social obligation to recover

4. Social obligation to seek competent help

E.L. Koos

Sociologist who critiqued Parson’s view of the sick role, instead stating that what people thought/did about their helth depended on their class.

Emke’s 5 Expectations for the Sick Role

1. Patients are responsible for their own illnesses

2. Illness results from personal shortcomings

3. Mutual distrust between Drs and patients

4. Patients assumed to be abusing the system

5. High healthcare costs are from “unnecessary” Dr visits

Social Course of Disease

The realization that there are particular social interactions that a sick individual goes through in the process of being treated, shaped by ethnic background, culture, class, age, and sex.

Biomedicine

A kind of orthodox medicine which involves the use of Western scientific principles in the diagnosis and treatment of illness and disease.

Alternative/Complementary Medicine

Unconventional medical practices based on the notion that an individual’s psychological, social, and emotional state affects their ability to fight diseases.

Biomedicine Failures

• Attribution of medical conditions to a single factor treatable with single remedies

• Can fail to take into account the broader circumstances

• Ignores cultures of medicine

Medicalization

The process by which certain behaviours or conditions are defined as medical problems, and medical intervention becomes the focus of remedy and social control.

Medicalization Critiques

Said to be reductionist as it reduces hte complex medical conditions to biomedical causes without examining possible sociocultural or political factors.

Iatrogenesis

Doctor-generated epidemics that avert people from preventing and treating their illnesses. Proposed by Ival Illich.

Clinical Iatrogenesis

The ways in which diagnosis and cure can cause problems that are as bad or worse than the health problems they are meant to resolve.

Social Iatrogenesis

Occurs when political conditions that “render society unhealthy” are hidden or obscured.

Cultural Iatrogenesis

How the knowledge and abilities of the medical community are praised, and patients are given no credit for their recovery.

Health Belief Model

A psychological model that seeks to explain and predict health-related behaviours by focusing on individual beliefs and attitudes.

Perceived Susceptibility

An individual’s belief about the likelihood of experiencing a health issue.

Perceived Severity

The tendency for people to make more of an effort to avoid health conditions they perceive to have serious consequences (ex. death, disability)

Perceived Benefits

The tendency for people to be more inclined to take a particular action if they believe it will reduce the risk or improve their health.

Perceived Barriers

Potential obstacles that individuals perceive in taking a health-related action.

Cues to Action

Triggers that prompt individuals to act toward their health.

Self-Efficacy

An individual’s confidence in their ability to successfully act toward a health promoting action.

Big Pharma

Large pharmaceutical companies which profit from developing, manufacturing, and marketing drugs.

Deaf Medicalization

Medicalization views deafness as an undesireable physical defect that must be “fixed”.

Disease Radicalization

When a disease is strongly associated with people of a aprticular background, people of that background may be treated differently. Ex. SARS and Asians, AIDS and gay men.

Female Doctors

• more likely to enter into family medicine

• leave the profession sooner

• work fewer hours/see fewer patients

• less likely to become surgeons/be sued for malpractice/join professional organizations

The Inverse Care Law

The phenomenon which tracks how the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served. (Ex. more drs in wealthy areas)

TABS

Term for ‘temporarily able-bodied’ individuals. Accounts for the likelihood that they may be faced with a disability/pathological situation later on in life.

Education as a Social Institution

• influence on socialization, status formation, social order, economic productivity

• categorization of ideas about education and how it can be used to add to society

• tool to promote ideas/skills/behaviours among impressionable youth

Rise of Canadian Public Education

Industrial revolution changed the view of education to one where it could be a tool of economic modernization, social order, and assimilation.

Compulsory Education

Used as an instrument for social subordination. Education ranks and sorts children to the detriment of those ‘inferior’. Schecter argued that this education is based on centralization and uniformity.

Human Capital Thesis

When industrial societies invest in schools to enhance the knowledge and skills of their workers. Used to justify low income among marginalized groups.

The Assimilation Model of Education

Education which emphasizes assimilation into the dominant culture. Ignores racial bias and discrimination.

Multicultural Model of Education

Education which preserves and promotes cultural diversity, aimed at removing the barriers that denied certain groups full participation within Canadian society.

Assumptions of the Multicultural Model

1. Learning about ones culture would improve educational achievement.

2. Learning about one’s culture would promote equality of opportunity.

3. Learning about other cultures would reduce prejudice and discrimination.

The Hidden Curriculum

The lessons about expectations for behaviour that tend to be more informal or unwritten. Mechanism for reproducing social class.C

Correspondence Principle

The argument that the norms and values instilled in school correspond to the norms and values expected of individuals in a capitalist society.

Inclusive Education

Decolonizing knowledge through engaging in multiple ways of knowing and being.

Anti-Racism/Oppression Education

Type of education that emerged in the 1980s which seeks to expose and eliminate the institutional and individual barriers to learning.

Discipline

Controlled behaviour by those in a position of power.

The Docile Body

Michel Foucault’s representation of an individual that has been conditioned through a specific set of procedures/practices to behave in a specific way.

Conditioning of the Docile Body

1. Hierarchical Observation

2. Normalization of Judgement

3. The Examination

Stereotype Threat

The idea that negative stereotypes about a group to which an individual belons to will have negative impacts on their academic performance.

The Hidden Curriculum of Tracking

The process whereby students are divided into hierarchies so that they can be assigned in groups to various kinds of classes. Can reflect cultural/racial biases.

Socioeconomic Status and Education

Has impacts on an individual’s educational achievement (reading level, GPA, test scores).

Jean Anyon

Studied New Jersey schools and ideated 5 school categorizations:

1. Working-class schools

2. Semi-skilled/Unskilled jobs

3. Middle-class schools

4. Affluent professional schools

5. Executive Elite schools

Working-Class Schools

Student’s parents held semi-skilled or unskilled jobs, some unemployed.
Schoolwork entailed: procedures, strict rules, little choice.

Middle-Class Schools

Student’s parents worked in skilled, well paid trades, professional jobs, owned small businesses.

Schoolwork focused on “getting the right answers”, following directions but had some autonomy, answers found in books/teachers.

Affluent Professional Schools

Student’s parents employed as lawyers, engineers, executives.

Schoolwork entailed: independent creativity, encouragement of self expression/autonomy, individuality.

Executive Elite Schools

Student’s parents were VPs or presidents of major corporations.

Schoolwork entailed: development of analytical intellectual powers, intellectual reasoning, conceptualizing rules/application of those rules.

Disqualified Knowledges

Knowledges that have been disqualified as inadequate to their task. Proposed by Foucault. Relates to the Politics of Representation in Textbooks.

Credentialism

The practice of values credentials (diplomas, degrees, certificates) over actual knowledge and ability in the hiring and promotion of staff. Disregards people like Indigenous elders and their knowledge.

5 ‘Best Practices’ in BC

Indigenous students’ success in BC:

1. Collaboration between school district and local Indigenous communities

2. Commitment of schools to incorporate Indigenous content into the curriculum

3. Creation of positions dedicated to Indigenous education

4. Relationship-building between Indigenous/non-Indigenous communities in the district

5. Willingness to share decision-making responsibility with Indigenous communities

Adjunct Professors

Sessional, contract, or part-time professors. Rise in the rate of these teachers due to social and economic factors.

Online Teaching

Driven by tech. improvements, education accessibility, funding cuts.

Challenges: political/financial cost of high school, access to technology, alienation/isolation, lack of discussion.

Underemployment

Lack of jobs on the market, even for educated individuals, leading to people taking part-time, low-wage, or low-skill work as a ‘placeholder’.

Factors Increasing Plagiarism

1. role models influencing students

2. free enterprise (capitalization of cheating)

3. social distance from professors (lack of accountability)

Religion

A socio-cultural belief system which includes specific behaviours/practices, beliefs, texts, or organizations. Generally related to spirituality.

Emile Durkheim

Philosopher who defined religion as a unified system of beliefs, rituals, and practices that define and express the nature of sacred things in relationship to the profane things of the world.

Weberian View of Religion

Defined as any set of coherent answers to human existential dilemmas which make the world meaningful.

Theism

Religions which pivot around a belief in a sacred higher power which has the power of control over human behaviour.

Monotheism

Belief in one devine power/god.

Polytheism

Belief in many powers/gods.

Animism

Belief in ghosts or spirits which may be forces for good or evil. Often manifests through non-human natural objects.

Totemism

Associated with small scale ‘tribal’ societies/clans/cultures. Relates to symbolic objects believed to possess supernatural powers of some kind.

Atheism

Disputes against belief in any form of supernatural influence in the affairs of humans.

Agnosticism

The belief that humans cannot know of the existence of anything beyond the phenomenon of their existence. Related to skepticism and the rejection of traditional beliefs under the impact of modern scientific thought.

Beliefs

Strongly held convictions by the people who are adherents to a religion that their object of worship can solve their problems.

Ritual

Religious acts, ceremonial practices, and customs that are geared towards the worship of the sacred.

Emotions

The spirit of reverence, humility, ecstasy, frenzy, even terror that is evoked in the believers as they present themselves in the presence of the sacred.

Organization

The structure of most religions that might include hierarchies of religious figures as well as ordinances/rules/laws that govern day-to-day conduct of members.

The Church

One type of ‘ideal’ religious organization which involves a monopolistic, hierarchically bureaucratic structure with flexible membership and complex division of labour.