Instrumentation - Lipids

Volumetric pipet

• Type of pipet with bulb in the center

• Calibrated to accurately deliver fixed volume non-viscous samples

Ostwald Folin pipet

• Similar to volumetric pipet, but bulb closer to tip.

• Used for accurate measurement of viscous samples

Mohr pipet

• No bulb

• Doesn’t have graduation marks all the way to tip or frosted band near upper end.

• Delivery is made “point to point”.

Serological pipet

• No bulb

• Can be used for serial dilutions & measuring reagents

Ultracentrifuge

Most rapid type of centrifuge, capable of up to 165,000 RPM

TD volumetric pipet

What is the most accurate & precise pipet of all?

Glass pipet

What is the most basic pipet of all?

Refrigerated centrifuge

Type of centrifuge used for sputum analysis

Borosilicate glass (Klimax, Pyrex)

• Glass with high resistance to thermal shock & chemical attack.

• Minimal contamination of liquids by elements in glass.

• Can be heated & autoclaved

Aluminosilicate glass (Corex)

• 6 times stronger than borosilicate.

• Better able to resist clouding due to alkali & scratching.

• Highest thermal resistance

Low actinic glass

Type of glassware used to reduce exposure to light of a certain analyte

Flint glass

• Soda-lime glass containing oxides of sodium, silicon, & calcium.

• Least expensive but poor resistance to high temp & sudden changes of temp

Inscription A or Glass A/pipette A

Glassware that meets high standards for accuracy:

Green

What is the color of a 21G needle?

23G Butterfly needle

Most commonly used for small and difficult veins

Keto acid

It is produced by removal of an amino group from an amino acid.

• Acute Phase Reactants (APR)

• Gamma globulins

What will decrease in the total protein levels if the patient has chronic inflammation?

Bence Jones Protein (BJP)

What is the reason of an increased protein for multiple myeloma?

Double low amount of albumin

What is the reason of a decrease protein in nephrotic syndrome?

Bruton’s

What is the famous agammaglobulinemia that only affects male?

Immunofixation electrophoresis

Gold standard test for BJP

Crosslinked telopeptides

These are proteolytic fragments of collagen I formed during bone resorption (turnover).

Osteoclastin

It is a non-collagenous protein in bone that is synthesized by osteoblasts

B-trace protein

Established as an accurate marker of CSF leakage

Trop I

Most specific and sensitive marker for Acute Coronary Syndrome (MI)

Myoglobin

The first substance to rise in case of Acute Myeloid Infarction

Congo red

What is the stain for amyloid?

Serum electrophoresis

Standard electrophoresis is also referred to as:

Fibrinogen

It is the only protein that is not seen in serum electrophoresis

Albumin

Major plasma protein in oncotic pressure

Pre-albumin

Indicator of nutrition; binds thyroid hormones and retinol-binding protein

Gc globulin

Transport vitamin D and binds actin

Pre-beta lipoprotein

Transports lipids (primarily VLDL triglyceride)

Beta lipoprotein

Transports lipids (primarily LDL cholesterol)

Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

What aids the HDL in scavenging cholesterol?

Autoimmune disorder (RA, SLE)

What is the most common causation in polyclonal gammopathy?

Anode and cathode

What are the 2 proteins found in electrophoresis?

HDL

Which of the lipoproteins is farthest to the anode?

Chylomicrons (CM)

Which of the lipoproteins is farthest FROM the anode?

B2 microglobulin

It is a sensitive but non-specific marker of AIDS

Kjeldahl

This method involves the conversion of protein nitrogen into ammonium ions

Biuret

The most widely used method of protein determination.

Radial Immunodiffusion (RID)

At the point where antigen and antibody concentration are equal, a precipitin ring forms. This technique is:

Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE)

It is a confirmatory test for Bence Jones Proteinuria

Blood Urea Nitrogen

• Synthesized by liver from ammonia.

• Excreted by kidneys; Increase in kidney disease

• Decrease in overhydration or liver disease

Creatinine

Waste product from dehydration of creatine (mainly in muscles)

Ammonia

What is the NPN derived from pyrimidines?

Uric acid

What is the NPN derived from purines?

Uricase

Simplest and most specific uric acid method:

Allopurinol

Most common treatment for hyperuricemia:

Potassium tetraiodomercurate II (K2HgI4)

Nessler’s reagent for ammonia

Uremia

It is a condition characterized by an increase in all NPNs with kidney disease

Prerenal azotemia

Azotemia problem due to decreased blood perfusion in the kidneys

• Causes include dehydration, shock, hemorrhage

Terpenes

It is the general term for lipids that are synthesized from isoprene units.

Sterol

Any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17-carbon atoms arranged in four rings.

Letter C

In the molecular structure of sterols skeleton, what letter of its ring does carbon 12 seen?

Apo E

Recognition factor that targets CM and VLDL remnants to hepatic receptors

Olive oil and triolein

What are the two long chained fatty acids that are utilized in Lipase determination?

Malassezia furfur

A fungus that requires long chained fatty acids for its growth,

isolation and development?

Saturated

What kind of fatty acid is solid in room temperature?

MUFA and PUFA

What kind of fatty acids are liquid in room temperature?

Hydrogenation

It is the addition of hydrogen in double bonds, breaking it and converting PUFA into saturated

Omega 3 fatty acid

Cardioprotective and breast protective fatty acid

IIa

Phenotype associated with LDL receptor defect

• Lp (a)

• Chylomicrons

Which of these are minor lipoproteins?

𝑻𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒍−(𝑯𝑫𝑳+𝑽𝑳𝑫𝑳)

What is the formula for computing LDL?

Abetalipoproteinemia

A rare autosomal recessive disorder marked by low or absent levels of plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDLs)

• Also known as Bassen kornzweig

<150 mg/dL

Optimal TAG level

Pearson, Stern and Mac Gavack

Colorimetry one-step method for cholesterol determination

Bloor’s

Two-step method for cholesterol determination

Abell-Kendall

Three-step method for cholesterol determination

Modified Abell-Kendall

The current gold standard method for 3-step method for cholesterol determination is:

Modified Abell-Kendall or IDMS

What is the reference method for cholesterol measurement?

Chylomicrons (CM)

Largest and the least dense of the lipoprotein particles,

Phospholipids

Composed of two fatty acids and a phospholipid head group linked to one glycerol.

Sterol

An unsaturated steroid alcohol containing 4 rings and a single C-H side

Fatty acid

It serves as the building blocks of other lipid forms.

TAG

It is composed of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol by ester bonds.