Chapter 19 Circulatory System (Martini)

Largest artery of the body

Aorta

Supplies the kidney

Renal Artery

Supplies the duodenum and stomach

Common hepatic artery

Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine

Inferior mesenteric artery

Supplies pelvic structures

Internal iliac artery

Artery that does not anastomose

Renal artery

Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic trunk

Supplies the lower limbs

External iliac artery

Common site to take the pulse

Radial artery

Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres

Internal carotid artery

Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen

Celiac trunk

Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall

Superior vena cava

Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Pulmonary trunk

Drains the scalp

External jugular vein

Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle

Axillary artery

Drains the upper extremities, deep vein

Subclavian artery

Artery usually palpated to take the blood pressure

Brachial artery

Major artery of the thigh

Femoral artery

Supplies the small intestine

Superior mesenteric artery

Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs

Pulmonary vein

Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel

Great saphenous vein

Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest

Arterioles

Site where exchanges of food and gases are made

Capillaries

Site where blood pressure is lowest

Large veins

Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest

Large arteries

Site where the blood volume is slowest

Capillaries

Site where the blood volume is greatest

Large veins

Site where the blood pressure is greatest

Large arteries

Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance

Arterioles

The adjustment of blood to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation. T/F

True

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart. T/F

False

Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane. T/F

False

The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

True

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima. T/F

False

The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries. T/F

False

Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg. T/F

True

A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries. T/F

True

The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole. T/F

True

Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction. T/F

False

The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues. T/F

True

In infants and young people, congenital vascular problems are less common than congenital heart disease. T/F

True

The most common form of shock is hypovolemic shock. T/F

True

Every minute, about 1.5 mL of fluid leaks out of the capillaries. T/F

True

The pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose. T/F

False

An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart. T/F

True

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. T/F

True

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance. T/F

True

The first major branch of the femoral artery is the dorsalis pedis artery. T/F

False

The azygos vein originates in the abdomen. T/F

True

Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid. T/F

True

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

A. blood volume

B. peripheral resistance

C. cardiac output

D. emotional state

D

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?

A. ADH

B. nitric acid

C. angiotensin II

D. atrial natriuretic peptide

B

Which statement best describes arteries?

A. Only large arteries are linked with endothelium.

B. All carry blood away from the heart.

C. All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

D. All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

B

Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?

A. tunica externa

B. tunica media

C. basement membrane

D. tunica intima

D

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _____.

A. arteries

B. arterioles

C. capillaries

D. veins

C

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called _____.

A. coronary circulation

B. hepatic portal circulation

C. pulmonary circulation

D. cerebral circulation

B

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ______.

A. capillaries

B. arterioles

C. muscular arteries

D. elastic arteries

C

Aldosterone will _______.

A. promote an increase in blood pressure

B. decrease sodium reabsorption

C. promote a decrease in blood volume

D. result in a large output of urine

A

The pulse pressure is ___________.

A. systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure

B. diastolic pressure plus 1/3(systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)

C. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

D. systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure

C

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

A. cold, clammy skin

B. rapid, thready pulse

C. rapidly falling blood pressure

D. increased heart rate

C

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

A. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood

B. Blood flow to the kidneys increases.

C. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.

D. The skin will be cold and clammy.

A

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

A. The contraction relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

B. They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.

C. Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.

D. They distribute blood to various parts of the body

A

Which of the following is true about veins?

A. Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.

B. Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.

C. Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

D. Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.

C

Which of the following processes provides a long term response to changes in blood pressure?

A. neural controls

B. baroreceptor initiated reflexes

C. renal regulation

D. chemoreceptor initiated reflexes

C

Peripheral resistance ___________.

A. is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals.

B. increases as blood vessel diameter increases.

C. increases as blood viscosity increases

D. decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel.

C

Brain blood flow autoregulation _____________.

A. causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure

B. is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

C. is less sensitive to pH than to a decrease oxygen level

D. is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons

B

Blood flow to the skin __________.

A. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells.

B. increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze.

C. increases when environmental temperature rises.

D. is controlled mainly by decreasing pH

C

Which of the choices below reflect the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

A. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

B. plasma and formed element concentration

C. hydrostatic pressure only

D. blood volume and viscosity

A

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

A. vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

B. circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant

C. cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels

D. hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume

A

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

A. tunica media

B. tunica externa

C. basement membrane

D. tunica intima

A

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ____________.

A. significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

B. the only factor that influences resistance

C. significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter

D. insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary

A

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is __________.

A. always fatal

B. the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis

C. shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

D. any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally

C

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure __________.

A. generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries

B. is the same as capillary blood pressure

C. and osmotic pressure are the same

D. is completely cancelled out by osmotic pressure

B

The hepatic portal vein _______.

A. is actually an artery

B. carries oxygen-rich blood from the liver to the viscera

C. carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava

D. carries nutrient rich blood to the liver

D

The term ductus venosus refers to __________.

A. damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins

B. a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

C. a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs

D. a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity

B

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?

A. Capillaries are fragile and high pressure would rupture them.

B. Low blood pressure is more desirable than high blood pressure

C. Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute containing fluid out of the bloodstream

B

Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?

A. delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells

B. absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract

C. gas exchange in the lungs

D. blood clotting

D

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?

A. activity

B. emotions

C. postural changes

D. the vessel selected to palpate

D

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?

A. superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle

B. right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium

C. right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle

D. left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava

B

Histologically, the __________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.

A. tunica adventitia

B. tunica externa

C. tunica media

D. tunica intima

D

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________.

A. muscular arteries

B. elastic arteries

C. venules

D. arterioles

D

Fenestrated capillaries ________.

A. are not more permeable than continuous capillaries

B. do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys

C. are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function

D. are not found in the brain

D

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called __________.

A. anastomoses

B. sinuses

C. sinusoids

D. thoroughfare channels

C

Factors that air venous return include all except ___.

A. urinary output

B. pressure changes in the thorax

C. activity of skeletal muscles

D. venous valves

A

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

A. 170/96 in a 50 year old woman

B. 140/90 in a 70 year old woman

C. 110/60 in a 20 year old woman

D. 120/80 in a 30 year old man

A

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

A. Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure.

B. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

C. Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.

D. An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.

B

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ___________.

A. nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers

B. chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide

C. renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction

D. the dural sinus reflex

D

The velocity of blood flow is ___________.

A. slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a larger diameter

B. in direct proportion to the total cross sectional area of the blood vessels.

C. slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter

D. slowest in the capillaries because the total cross sectional area is the greatest

D

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

A. It is measured in mm Hg

B. It is the greatest where resistance is highest

C. It is relatively constant through all body organs

D. Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output

D

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the __________.

A. left side of head and neck

B. right side of head and neck and right upper arm

C. left upper arm

D. myocardium of the heart

B

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ____________.

A. the hypothalamic “thermostat”

B. intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

C. skin temperature

D. ADH

B

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mmHg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ___________.

A. increase work of the left ventricle

B. decreased size of the heart muscle

C. increased incidence of coronary artery disease

D. increased damage to blood vessel endothelium

B

The short term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and blood borne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?

A. chemoreceptors

B. altering blood volume

C. reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers

D. reflex arcs involving baroreceptors

B

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ___________.

A. stress

B. smoking

C. arteriosclerosis

D. obesity

C

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

A. kidney

B. liver

C. heart

D. lungs

D

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ___________.

A. 130/80

B. 90/55

C. 150/90

D. 120/80

B

If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?

A. no

B. not necessarily

C. yes

B

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

A. fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum

B. ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

C. ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis

D. ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres

B

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in the systemic capillary beds?

A. a decrease in local tissue oxygen content

B. an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide

C. a local increase in pH

D. a local increase in histamine

D

Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

A. increasing stroke volume

B. rising blood volume

C. increasing heart rate

D. falling blood volume

E. all of these

D