BioLab REPORTS

Laboratory Reports

How many amount of cheek cell to put?

Temporary amount

What are the six content of our lab reports?

Introduction
Materials and Set-Up
Procedure
Results
Interpretation and Analysis
Conclusion
References

What are the 12 materials needed in human cheek cell experiment?

➢ Blotting paper

➢ Compound microscope

➢ Distilled water

➢ Glass microscope slides

➢ Glycerine

➢ Methylene Blue solution (0.5% to 1%)

➢ Needle

➢ Plastic cover slips

2 Plastic pipette or dropper

➢ Papertowels or tissue

➢ Sterile toothpick

➢ Tweezer/Forceps

A cell is shielded by its _______, often known as its _______

plasma membrane; cell membrane

gelatinous fluid that fills a cell's inside; made up of several organic compounds, salts, and water.

Cytoplasm

membrane-enclosed; houses genetic material,

nucleus

A subcellular structure known as an ______ serves one or more specific purposes inside the cell

organelle

assemble proteins

ribosomes

supply chemical energy; powerhouse of the cell

mitochondria

Label the ff:

Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane

After ________ minutes remove any excess water and stain from the slide using a ______

2-3; blotting paper.

Concentrated methylene blue is toxic if ingested.

True or false?

True

Cheek cells are what kind of cell?

Epithelial

Place the slide on the microscope, with _____objective in position, and find a cell. Then view at higher magnification.

4x or 10x

What are th 5 materials used in Diffusion experiment?

Materials:

Petri dish

Jelly Cork

Borer or glass

Pasteur pipette

Needle

Dropper

pour the plates to a depth of stirred jelly in approximately what centimeters?

~ 0.8 cm

Take a petri dish of gelatin that has been sitting at room temperature for how many minutes?

5-10 minutes

The position of the hole in the plate is not important, but it should be far enough from the edge of the plate

True or false

true, it should be where diffusion of the spot can be easily observed

Carefully pipette a small drop ______ of dye solution into the hole using a Pipetman or Pasteur pipette.

(2-10 µl); a pinch

measure the diameter of the dye spot at different times after adding the dye, e.g., __________________ minutes

0, 5, 10, 30, 60, 150 minutes.

The increase in size of the dye spot will be easy to see even after 5 or 20 minutes

true or false

false: 5 or 10 minutes

After measuring the diameter of the dye spot, divide by two to find the_____

radius

Are the times required for Methylene Blue to diffuse a given distance, e.g., 0.5 cm, in gelatin or Jello the same or different for the different dyes?

a passive transport method that does not require energy and involves the transport of tiny molecules from a highly concentrated area to a less concentrated area

Diffusion

What is the significance of diffusion?

Diffusion is crucial to cells because it enables them to eliminate waste materials and acquire the beneficial elements needed for growth and energy

Through different temperatures, higher temperatures cause molecules to travel more energetically, which accelerates the diffusion process. Lower temperatures cause molecules' energy to drop, lowering the diffusion rate

True or false

True;

the colder, the lower diffusion rate

the hotter, the higher diffusion rate

What are the three percentages of the methylene blue solution in diffusion?

1% - cold

2% - hot

3% - room temp

CHR

Cell cytoplasm moves relatively slowly because it is low in viscosity and density.

True or false

false: exceeding in viscosity and density

Plants make their own food in a process called ______

photosynthesis

A by-product of photosynthesis, ______, will be released by the plant

oxygen

What are the 12 materials needed in the photosynthesis experiment?

Spinach Plant leaves (enough leaves to make 20 leaf disks using the puncher)

● Single hole puncher

● Baking Soda

● Water

● ⅛ measuring teaspoon

● Measuring Cup/Beaker

● Liquid Dish Soap

● Transparent Cups (4)

● Big Plastic Syringe (without needle)

● Light source

● Paper towels

● Timer

____ mL water
_____ drop of dish soap
____ teaspoon of baking soda.

300mL

1 drop

1/8 teaspoon

Stir the solutions gently in both cups to avoid creating _____.

foam

It is a process in which sunlight energy is used to make glucose

photosynthesis

Where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplast

What are the two main functions of chloroplasts?

Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors i

Why do most leaves appear green?

Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light

What is the primary pigment found in the chloroplast?

Chlorophyll

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

CO2+ H2O+sunlight----> C6H12O6+ O2

What three things are used to make glucose in photosynthesis?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Where does the water come from?

Where does the water enter the plant?

The water comes from the ground and absorbed through roots

Name 3 sources of CO2

Exhaled, Factory smokestacks, car fumes

What type of energy does the plant use to convert CO2and H2O into sugar?

Light energy

What is produced in photosynthesis?

Glucose and oxygen

What is the glucose used for?

for energy and growth.

What process happens in the mitochondria?

Chemical reactions

What is the purpose of the process of cellular respiration in mitochondria (what does it create)?

generate usable ATP energy to support many other reactions in the body

Some organisms perform photosynthesis to produce energy. Other organisms cannot do photosynthesis. What can they do in order to generate energy?

must eat the carbohydrates produced by plants, algae, and other animals.

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Producing useable ATP energy to support several other bodily reactions is the aim of the process of cellular respiration.

What happens to carbohydrates during cellular respiration?

Cells take the carbohydrates into their cytoplasm, and through a complex series of metabolic processes, they break down the carbohydrates and release the energy

What is the chemical energy in the cell called?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

What is one product of cellular respiration?

product of cellular respiration: water, carbon dioxide, and energy (ATP).

Oxygen is a PRODUCT OR REACTANT of respiration?

Reactant

Genetic alteration refers to altering the ______ found in the nucleus of cells

DNA

What are the 7 materials in Cell energy production experiment?

Calcium hydroxide (3 mL of lime water)

glass pipette

phenolphthalein

goggles

beaker

graduated cylinder

stirring rod

What is the transformation of colors in cell energy production?

Pink or purple to Colorless

How do you blow?

Outward

How many drops of phenolphthalein solution are in the water?

10-12

How many ml of calcium hydroxide into the beaker?

10 ml of calcium hydroxide

What is the objective of cell energy production experiment?

To demonstrate the evidence of aerobic cellular respiratio

Since lime water is a base, the addition of _________caused the solution to turn pink

phenolphthalein

Water is created when the hydroxide ions in the calcium hydroxide combine with the hydrogen ions from the carbonic acid.

process of neutralization reaction

What is the chemical formula for the process of neutralization reaction

Summarize the major differences between mitosis and meiosis

appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis)

region where the cell's spindle fibers attach

centromere

_________ paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. It plays a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system

Centrioles

cellular structure involved in pulling the chromatids apart during cell division

Centrosome

A large protein complex that forms on a specific part of a chromosome called the centromere.

kinetochore

The two _______ are joined at a constricted region of the chromosome called the centromere

“sister” chromatids

structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant cell divides

Cell plate

plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site

cleavage furrow

term that describes a cell or organism with two complete sets of chromosomes.

diploid

Refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells

haploid

What role would mitosis play in the body of an adult animal?

1. Produces new cells that are genetically similar to one another.

2. Allows organisms to expand in size and repair damaged tissues.

3. Required for tissue repair and regeneration in the adult body, allowing injured or dead cells to be replaced.

4. Promotes the growth of specific tissues.

What advantage does the process of crossing over bring to reproduction?

Crossing over during meiosis offers an important advantage by promoting genetic diversity.

Why would the method of cytokinesis in animal cells not work in plant cells?

Cytokinesis in animal cells, which involves pinching the membrane via a cleavage furrow, wouldn’t work in plant cells due to their rigid cell walls. Instead, plant cells form a cell plate that develops into a new wall, dividing the cell

What is the purpose of mitosis?

cell proliferation and replace worn out cells

What is the purpose of meiosis?

production of sex cells or gametes

Which organisms perform in mitosis?

Somatic cells

Which organisms perform in meiosis?

sex cellsA

How long does mitosis take?

18-20 hrs

How long does meiosis take?

72 hours or 3 days

What is an example of a disease caused by an error in mitosis?

Production of too much or too few chromosomes, leading to

1. chromosomal disorders

2. hereditary diseases

3. cancer

What is an example of a disease caused by an error in meiosis?

Medical Klinefelter conditions like

Klinefelter Syndrome

Down Syndrome

Turner Syndrome

Triple X Syndrom

label this phase

metaphase

label this phase

prophase

label this phase

Telophase

label this phase

Anaphase

label this phase

Interphase

They are coiled structures made out of DNA and proteins.

Chromosomes

There are __ pairs of chromosomes in a cell.

23

_____ is a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated.

Cancer

The ________ is a repeating series of events, including growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division

cell cycle

___________phase is when the cell’s DNA is copied in the process of DNA replication.

S phase or Synthesis Phase

Chromosomes: Coiled structure; Chromatins:

Grainy material and not coiled

The DNA was replicated after meiosis I during interphase since there were already two haploid daughter cells.

True or false

True

label this tonic

RBC with 0.2% NaCl solution

Hypotonic

label this tonic

RBC with 0.9% NaCl Solution

Isotonic

label this tonic

RBC with 2% NaCl solution

Hypertonic

Label everything