EXAM 1 BIOS 242- CHAMBERLAIN

DNA is replicated in the ___

nucleus

RNA is replicated in the ___

cytoplasm

what is the first step in viral replication?

penetration/adhesion (attaches to membrane using spikes)

what is the second step in viral replication?

uncoating

what is the third step in viral replication?

replication

what is the fourth step in viral replication?

assembly

what is the fifth step in viral replication?

maturation

what is the sixth step in viral replication?

release (release the protein that has the viral components so it infects more cells)

what are the four types of archaea?

methanogens, hyperthemophile, psychrophile, halophiles

what are characteristics of a methanogen?

CO2 with methane

where are methanogens found?

swamps, landfill

what are characteristics of a hyperthermophile?

loves high temperature

where are hyperthermophiles found?

volcano

what are characteristics of a psychrophile?

survives in cold temperatures

where are psychrophiles found?

ice caps

what are characteristics of a halophile?

survives in salt environments

where are halophiles found?

salt lake

This type of archaea live in swamps and marshes and produce methane, what is it?

methanogen

This type of archaea requires hot, acidic environments

hyperthemophile

during a gram stain, the presence of ____ gives a purple stain

peptidolgycan

why is gram negative bacteria pink?

outer membrane is weakened

what do gram negative bacteria have

porin proteins, lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid outer membrane surrounding a thin peptidoglycan layer.

what do gram positive bacteria have

lipoteichoic acid with thick peptidoglycan cell wall

what are the four different types of structures microorganisms can use for movement, adherence, or mating?

fimbriae, pilus, flagella, and cilia

what is fimbriae used for?

adhesion

what is pilus used for?

mating/conjugation

what is flagella used for?

movement

what is cilia used for?

movement

what are the benefits about fungi?

used for antibiotics, food products such as yeast and alcohol, and decomposition which puts nutrients back into environment

what are the bad things about fungi?

contamination

what are the characteristics of fungi?

dimorphic, eukaryotes, have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes lack organelles?

prokaryotes

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a nucleus?

eukaryotes

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes consist of animals, plants, fungi, and protists?

eukaryotes

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes consist of bacteria and archaea?

prokaryotes

are prokaryotes or eukaryotes unicellular?

prokaryotes

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have ribosomes?

both

are prokaryotes or eukaryotes multicellular?

eukaryotes

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes use asexual reproduction?

prokaryotes

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes use sexual reproduction?

eukaryotes

who invented penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

what is Koch's first postulate?

the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

what is Koch's second postulate?

the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

what is Koch's third postulate?

the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.

what is Koch's fourth postulate?

the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

what is agar used for?

it creates a solid surface for bacterial growth

explain Louis Pasteur's experiment

used swan neck flask to not let pathogens from the air get into it
Used heat to kill pathogens,
broke the neck off one flask which let microbes from the air in
found that the flask that was broken contained microbes while the swan neck flask did not

how did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?

because the flask with the swan neck was sterile and the broken neck had microbes in it meaning that microbes do not randomly spawn

what are characteristics of viruses?

- lack cells
- non-living
- RNA & DNA core
- core is surrounded by protein coat
- coat can be surrounded by envelope of lipids
- replicate only within a living host

what are the two types viruses can be?

naked and enveloped

what is an enveloped virus?

A virus that contain the nucleocapsid and a lipid based envelope

what are the four different techniques of DNA recombination/horizontal transfer?

conjugation, transformation, transduction, transposons

what type of mutation leads to a frameshift in your sequence?

insertion/deletion

can a nonsense mutation lead to a frameshift? why?

no, up until the stop codon it is the same

can mycobacterium be stained using the gram stain procedure? why?

no, needs mycolic acid

what are the four types of viruses?

bacteriophage, viroids, prions, virions

what is a bacteriophage?

viruses that infects bacteria

what is a viroid?

virus that infect plants
smaller than average virus

what is a prion?

misfolded protein in the brain

what is a virion?

entire virus particle consisting of an outer protein shell called a capsid and inner core of nucleic acid

what is the type of virus that is outside in the environment?

virion

if a virus attached to a host cell and takes over and causes an infection and the host goes to the doctor to get meds, should the doctor prescribe meds against a viral infection? why?

no, antibiotics do not work against viruses. it will cause them to mutate and grow stronger

if the host decided to get treatment against the virus and got better after 7-10 days, but two weeks after they got sick again, what type of infection is it?

chronic latent

what is a chronic latent infection?

periodic activation after a period of viral inactivity

what is the chemical composition of prions?

only composed of protein

what is the chemical composition of viroids?

composed of only naked strands of RNA

who was Ignaz Semmelweis?

An OB doctor who realized hand washing was directly related to prevention of childbed fever after doctors worked in autospy rooms and then went and worked in maternity rooms

who found proper sterilization technqiues?

Ignaz Semmelweis

if you have a microorganism that moves in response to a chemical stimulus, what kind of movement is that?

chemotaxis

if you have a microorganism that moves in response to a light stimulus, what kind of movement is that?

phototaxis

Robert Koch laid the foundation for ___

immunology

what are the six branches of microbiology?

medical, public health, immunology, industrial, agricultural, environmental

what does medical microbiology deal with?

microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals

what does public health microbiology and epidemiology deal with?

monitor/controls health and spread of diseases in communities

what does immunology study?

complex web of protective substances and cells in response to infection

vaccines, blood testing, and allergies are all a part of which branch of microbiology?

immunology

what does industrial microbiology deal with?

safeguards our food and water

what does agricultural microbiology deal with?

relationship between microbes and domesticated plants/animals

what does environmental microbiology deal with?

effect of microbes on earths habitats

what is the composition of archaea?

lack membrane bound organelles and a nucleus
genetic material is present in cytoplasm as nucleotides

extracellular state of a virus is called a ___

virion

intracellular state of a virus is called a ____

virus

a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is a ___

virion

____ is any transfer of DNA that results in organisms acquiring new genes that did not come directly from parent organisms

horizontal

___ transfer is when DNA comes from parents

vertical

what do transposable elements have the ability to do?

shift from one part of the genome to another

what to transposable elements contain?

genes that code for antibiotic resistance or toxin production

which type of bacteria lack cell walls?

mycoplasms

what are lipopolysaccharides?

gram negative bacteria found on the outer membrane

what can infections from gram negative bacteria on lipopolysaccharides results in? why?

septic shock, they form endotoxin which causes severe shock and fever

what did Joseph Lister do?

advance idea of antisepsis in healthcare setting with use of phenol

Joseph Lister was the first to utilize what?

hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals

Ignaz Semmelweis required medical students to ?

wash their hands in chlorinated lime water to protect against puerperal fever

what did Robert Koch do?

linked a specific microorganism with a specific diease

who discovered the causative agent for anthrax?

Robert Koch

what is the composition of DNA?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

what is the structure of DNA?

double stranded helix formed by two polynucleotides

what are the bases of DNA?

adenine --> thymine
guanine --> cytosine

what are the five I's?

1. Inoculation
2. Incubation
3. Isolation
4. Inspection
5. Identification

central dogma of biology

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein