PE core 1 general facts/definitions

Trends for the survival rates for Cancer:

Both males and females are increasing

What contributes to the poor health of Indigenous people?

Social factors: e.g. dispossession, dislocation and discrimination.
Disadvantages: e.g. education, housing, income, employment.
Physical environmental factors.

What is cardiovascular disease?

All the diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels.

Risk factors of Cardiovascular disease

Non-modifiable: Age, Heredity, Gender
Modifiable: Smoking, High BP, high blood fats, overweight and obesity, lack of physical exercise.

Protective Factors for Cardiovascular disease

Maintain healthy BP and Blood Cholesterol, Healthy lifestyle choices (not smoking, food, physically activity, weight).

Trends/ Statistic of Cancer

Lung cancer is the 2nd most common cause of death for males and 4th for females.

• Increase in overall cancer incidence.

What are the groups at risk of cancer?

Smokers, socio-economically disadvantaged, high-fat, low-fibre diet, family history, fair skin, sun exposure, women who have never given birth.

What is causing the ageing population to grow?

Better technology

• Living longer

What is community care?

A program to assist the elderly to manage daily activities within their home.

What is the private sector?

private hospitals, specialist doctors, private GPs, physiotherapy, dentistry, pharmacy, chiropractic, radiology and many other services.

What is Medicare?

Allows simple and equitable access to all Australian citizens. Is designed to protect people from costs of sickness. Provides free or subsidised medical care, free public hospital treatments. Based on Universality, equity and simplicity.

5 Action areas of the Ottawa Charter

1. Developing personal skills
2. Creating Supportive Environments
3. Strengthening community action
4. Reorienting health services
5. Building healthy public policy

Health status

Pattern of the general health of a population over time

Prevalence

The number of existing cases of diseases occurring in a population.

Incidence

The number of new cases of disease occurring in a population.

Observations/statistics gathered via epidemiology help:

Describe/compare the patterns of the health of groups, communities & populations
Identify health needs/allocate health-care resources
Evaluate health behaviours/strategies to control/prevent disease

Epidemiology uses statistics on:

Births, deaths, disease prevalance & incidence, hospital use

Mortality

Refers to the no. of deaths in a given pop. from a particular cause and/over a period of time

Morbidity

The incidence/level of illness, disease or injury in a given pop

Life expectancy

The length of time a person can expect to live referring to the average no. of years of life based on current death rates

Infant mortality

Refers to the no. of infant deaths in the first year of life per. 1000 live births

Improvements in life expectancy can be attributed to:

Lower infant mortality, education of risk factors e.g. P.E classes, declining death rates from CVD e.g. physical activity promotion, declining overall death rates from cancer e.g. breast screening, falls in death rates from traffic accidents e.g. drink driving campaigns

Current trends in life expectancy

Major factor increasing life expectancy= reduction in infant mortality rate

Main causes of mortality in males (2018):

1. Coronary heart disease (CHD), 2. lung cancer, 3. dementia

Main causes of mortality in females (2018):

1. Dementia, 2. coronary heart disease (CHD) 3. cerebrovascular disease (includes stroke)

Trends in mortality (general)

Death rates (Aus) have fallen due to treatment/managment of infectious disease + improvements in sanitation/living conditions, understanding of infectious disease, development/use of antibiotics + vaccines

Trends in CVD mortality:

Decrease in death rate due to advances in treatment e.g. early detection

Trends in cancer mortality & morbidity:

Most common: prostate cancer in males, breast cancer in females, increased incidence over 20 yrs, mortality rates fallen for both M/F, prevention/treatment strategies e.g. pap smears, breast screening, prostate examinations.

Priority population groups

Subgroups of people who have signficantly different health statuses e.g. Indigenous communities, low-socioeconomic status, rural areas

Prevalence of condition

Can indicate the potential for change in a health area, high prevalance of disease= economic burden on the health system--e.g. CVD is the leading cause of preventable death in Aus

Potential for prevention/early intervention

Majority of disease/illness results from poor lifestyle behaviours--socio-economic status, access to info/health services, employment stat=determinants of health inequities

Costs to the individual

Individual: loss of productivity/quality of life, emotional stress, financial loss-->the cost of treatment, medication, rehab

Costs to the community

Illness, disease, premature death=economic burden on community

Groups experiencing health inequities (examples)

E.g. Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islanders; socioeconomically disadvantaged; rural and isolated; people with disability.

CVD:

General term covering all disease of the heart/circulatory system: damage to, or disease of, the heart, arteries, veins &/or smaller blood vessels, major health/economic burden in Aus, males are more likely die from CVD

Coronary heart disease

Poor blood supply to the muscular walls of the heart by its own blood supply vessels; the coronary arteries

Stroke

The interruption of the supply of blood to the brain

Peripheral vascular disease

Diseases of the arteries, arterioles & the capillaries that affect the limbs, usually reducing blood supply to the legs

Extent of CVD in Australia

Leading cause of death
Decline in prevalence due to: reduction in the levels of risk factors e.g. reduced smoking, diet modifications..improved medical care/treatment-->reduced mortality/improved quality of life
Leading cause of disability.

Cancer (definition)

A large group of diseases that are characterised by the uncontrolled growth/spread of abnormal cells. --mutation originating from a single cell that is damaged/influenced by a foreign agent

Extent of cancer in Australia

Prevalence = increasing
Most significant increases in the past 2 decades = breast cancer + skin cancer/melanoma & prostate cancer due to ageing pop, better detection of cancer, new diagnostic/screening programs.

Risk factors for cancer

1. lung cancer: tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) e.g. asbestos. 2. breast cancer: family history, high-fat diet/obesity, benign breast disease. 3. skin cancer: fair skin, prolonged exposure to the sun

Protective factors for cancer

1. lung cancer: avoid exposure to tobacco smoke, avoid exposure to hazardous materials e.g. asbestos. 2. breast cancer: consume a diet high in fruit/veges, low in fat, practice self-examination, regular mammograms (over 50), 3. skin cancer: avoid sunlight, reduce exposure to the sun (hat, sunscreen etc.)

Healthy ageing

Gov has responded to the ageing pop by encouraging people to plan for financial security e.g. superannuation..People who achieve/maintain good health are less likely to: leave the workforce for health reason, access health/aged care facilities later in life, place less pressure on the national health budget/health care system

Risk factors that contribute to the health status of older people

High blood cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, risky alcohol consumption, smoking, poor diet

Protective factors that contribute to the health status of older people

Influenza vaccinations, behaviours that counter the risk factors e.g. having a balanced diet, social support, access to services

Nature Socioeconmically Disadvantaged:

lower life expectancy

• higher rates of premature mortality
• ^ incidence and prvalance of disease
• ^ Presence of risk factors
• Higher rates of CVD, Diabetes, asthma, mental health probs, obesity
• Likely to smoke, be physically inactive, poor eating habits,

Government and Community response to Socioeconomically Disadvantaged:

free low cost medicare and PBS

• Promotion of health education through media
• Education through schools
• Self healp and aid programs

Protective factors that contribute to the health status of mental health problems and illnesses

enhancing skills in resilience and problem-solving

• early protection and treatment
• restricted access for at-risk people to self-harm

Risk factors that contribute to the health status of mental health problems and illnesses

life trauma

• drug and alcohol abuse
• family history
• high stress / anxiety.

Measures of epidemiology

Life expectancy
Infant mortality
Morbidity
Mortality

What sources are used to collect information?

Hospitals, RTA, Beureau of Statistics, Government departments

Limitations of Epidemiology

doesn't account for health determinants.

• doesn't show why the inequities exist.
• doesn't show why an illness/disease occurs.

Life expectancy for males and females in Australia

Male - 80.4 years
Female - 84.6 years

What is the trend of life expectancy in Aus and why?

increasing, lower CVD and cancer mortality, better treatments and technology

What is chronic disease?

an ongoing disease characterised by long suffering

Sociocultural determinants of health

Family
Media
Peers
Religion
Culture

Socioeconomic determinants of health

Employment
Education
Income

Environmental determinants of health

geographic location
access to health services

Leading preventable cause of cancer

smoking cigarettes

4 leading cancers in order

1. Breast Cancer
2. Prostate Cancer
3. Melanoma Cancer
4. Colorectal Cancer

4 socioeconomic determinants for cancer

low fruit and veg intake
low education
working in the sun
carcinogens in the workplace

Leading cause of death in people aged 15-44

suicide

What is a carcinogen?

a cancer causing agent

3 examples of institutional and non-institutional health care

Institutional: hospital, nursing home, ambulance
Non-institutional: GP's, Dental and Optical, Research Organisations

What does PBS stand for? Outline its objective.

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, aims to make essential medicines available to all Australians that need it

5 Levels of responsibility for health care facilities and services

commonwealth gov

• state and territory gov
• private sector
• local gov
• community groups

How much was spent on health care in 2017/2018

$185 billion ($7500/person); an increasing trend.

Where does most the money spent on health care go towards?

Hospitals: 40%
Primary health care: 34%

3 emerging treatments and technologies

Keyhole surgery
Medical imaging (e.g. improved x-rays, CT scans, MRI)
Treating eye conditions with drugs not lasers

Advantages and disadvantages of Medicare

Advantages: Free, equal for all Australians, Basic Health Cover
Disadvantages: no private rooms, no choice of hospital or doctor, longer waiting lists

Advantages and disadvantages of Private Health insurance

Advantages: private rooms, choice of hospital or doctor, shorter waiting lists
Disadvantages: cost, some plans cover unnecessary things

What is bulk billing?

when doctors only charge the amount medicare charges so you don't have to pay out of your pocket

How much is the Medicare Levy?

2% for everyone except very low-income earners.

How much is the Medicare Levy Surcharge (MLS) and who has to pay?

Between 1% - 1.5% of income if you earn over $90 000 (single) or $180 000 (families).

3 examples of complementary and alternative medicine

Acupuncture
Massage
Homeopathy

What is health promotion?

a combination of science, medicine and practical skills to ensure the health of the community

What are the 4 levels of health promotion?

Individual
Community
Government
Non-government

When is health promotion most effective?

when governments, communities and individuals work together (called intersectoral collaboration)

Social justice principles relate to:

Eliminating Inequity in health
Promoting Inclusiveness of Diversity
Establishing Supportive Environments for all Australians

2 leading causes of mortality in Australia

CHD, dementia

benign tumour

non-cancerous, grow slowly, doesn't spread easily.

malignant tumour

cancerous, fast-growing, spreads easily.

CVD - Nature

Disease of the heart, arteries, veins and smaller blood vessels.

• Major health and economic burden on Australia.
• Most risk factors are modifiable.

CVD - 3 forms

Coronary Heart Disease - Poor supply of blood to the heart.
Stroke - Poor supply of blood to the brain.
Peripheral vascular disease - Poor supply of blood to the limbs.

Atherosclerosis

Fatty/fibrous material on the interior walls of the arteries.

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries where the walls loose elasticity.

CVD - trends

Leading cause of death in Australia.
(Also: Accounts for 35% of all deaths in Australia; 132 deaths in Australia every day.)

CVD - risk factors

Non-modifiable: Family history, gender and age.
Modifiable: Smoking, high blood pressure, obesity and physical inactivity.

CVD - determinants

Sociocultural - Those with a family history of CVD.
Socioeconomic - People with lower education are more at risk due to lack of knowledge/understanding.
Environmental - Rural/remote areas means less access to health services.

CVD - groups at risk

Smokers
Family history of CVD
High blood pressure
Obese and inactive people.