History ColdWar Crisis (alsohomework)

Why did the Berlin refugee crisis happen?

Germany and Berlin were split and the West sides looked visually more appealing and safe in comparison to the east. This was because the west had rebuilt with the money from Marshall Aid

What was the Berlin refugee crisis, Who was involved, when did it happen and where?

When Berlin was divided between communist Russia and Capitalist USA people would flee the East side as refugees to the West. The West was more appealing due to the visual difference after rebuilding using the money from Marshall Aid. Between 1955 and 1960 100,000 East German refugees crossed the border to West Berlin.

What were the short term consequences of the Berlin Refugee crisis?

A brain drain in East Germany, the loss of the young educated citizens such as doctors and lawyers. They fled as refugees too.

What were the wider impacts of the Berlin refugee crisis?

The Berlin wall was erected in 1961. The Wall lasted for nearly 30 years!

Why was the Berlin wall built?

The Berlin wall was built to stop West German spies entering East Germany and to stop the ‘brain drain’ of highly educated East German refugees.

What was the Berlin Wall, Who was involved, when did it happen and where?

The Berlin wall was erected by the Soviets controlling East Germany in 1961. It was originally a barbed wire barrier with soldiers but grew to a wall encircling the whole of West Berlin, a distance of 43km.

The 3 consequences of the Berlin wall?

Families were split either side of the wall and could not see each other.

East Germans could no longer escape and had to live under communism.

Some germans still tried to escape but in the first year 43 were shot

What was 4 the wider impacts of of the Berlin Wall?

Kennedy was angry but it ended the refugee crisis, reducing tensions

Non- Germans struggled to cross the wall, breaking a Yalta conference agreement

There was a stand off between American and Soviet Troops at the Checkpoint Charlie crossing

The Berlin walk could be seen as a propaganda victory for the west, showing the failure of communism

Why did the Cuban revolution happen?

Since 1933 Cuba had been ruled by a corrupt brutal government lead by a dictator General Batista who became rich by doing deals with the US whilst the cuban people became poor. A young lawyer Castro spreads ideas of reveloution

What was the Cuban revolution , Who was involved, when did it happen and where?

After being exiled from Cuba, Castro and 81 supporters return to Cuba and begin a two-year guerrilla war against the government. January 1 Batista flees and Castro gains power. Everyone loves him.

A consequence of the Cuban reveloution?

Castro gains power,

Cuba nationalises cuban businesses eg.Sugar sales

Eisenhower refuses to work with Castro even though Castro wants to

Wider impact of the cuban revoloution?

America is annoyed and refuses to buy sugar ( embargo) 1961

Castro turns to Khrushchev and Russia buys the sugar and gives Cuba oil and loans

Russia and Cuba are friends

Why did the Bay of Pigs happen?

Cuba had nationalised all their sugar and tobacco so America refused to buy it. Castro was a ‘threat’ so Kennedy wanted him assassinated

What was the Bay of Pigs (the plan and result), Who was involved, when did it happen and where?

The Bay of Pigs was the CIA’s assassination attempt of Castro in 1961. Cuban exiles would take the Capital, gaining support on the way. When it happened 200 were killed and more injured. No Cubans supported as anticipated so the ex- cubans were fought back and it failed

What were the 4 consequences of the Bay of Pigs?

The Cuba was vunerable

Pushed Cuba closer to Russia

US had broken international law and looked weak

Kennedy looks inexpierienced

Wider impacts of the Bay of Pigs?

Cuban missile crisis

Cuba turns communist

Cold war tensions rise

Why did the Cuban missile crisis happen?

After the Bay of Pigs, Khrushchev was close friends with Cuba and wanted to put missiles close to the USA, giving him an advantage in the Cold war as there were already US missiles in Turkey near the USSR

What was the Cuban missile crisis , Who was involved, when did it happen and where?

The Cuban missile crisis was in 1962 when Khrushchev planted missile bases in Cuba, close to the USA. The USA discovered the missile bases and Kennedy takes action by ‘quarantining’ Cuba with a blockade of US navy ships, stopping weapon imports from Russia. USA prepares for an invasion of Cuba with 120,000 troops in florida. Khrushchev says he’ll remove the missiles if US doesnt invade Cuba and removes missiles from Turkey. Kennedy agrees as long as missiles being removed from Turkey is secret

What are the consequences of the cuban missile crisis?

Everyone thinks a nuclear war will begin.

Castro and Khrushchev brought closer

Kennedy looks better

Khrushchev looks bad

Potential threats removed for both superpowers

How does the Cuban missile crisis have a Wider impact?

Cuba and USSR are close allies

Cuba turns communist

Khrushchev removed from power in 1964

USA looks powerful

Hotline created to avoid misunderstanding and potential war

Slow the arms race :

Limited test ban treaty 1963

Outer space treaty 1967

Why did the Prague Spring happen?

Economic problems in Czechoslovakia and peoples lives were hard. They had a cruel corrupt leader Novotny. Ota Sik spreads ideas of reform

What was the Prague Spring , Who was involved, when did it happen and where?

in 1968 Czechoslovakia the dictator Novotny was replaced by Dubcek. Dubcek introduced reforms called ‘socialism with a human face’. he believed people would choose communism. He allowed:

Free businesses

free speech

end of censorship

unions and other political groups

These reforms were known as ‘the prague spring’

The USSR didn’t like this but let it happen anyway

As he introduced more and more reforms the new Soviet ruler Brezhnev decided that it might influence other countries the follow suit. Czechoslovakia was in the canter of the eastern bloc, it would influence other countries too easily. July 1968 , warsaw pact countries ask Dubcek to stop but he refuses. in August Soviet troops enter and take over Prague. The people threw flowers to show they loved communism. Prague Spring ended

What were the consequences of Prague Spring?

Dubcek was forced to resign and became an ambassador in Turkey.

Protest in Moscow against the invasion

Soviet leaders look bad

USA condemned invasion but didnt want to worsen relations

What was the Wider impact of Prague Spring?

China and USSR relationship is damaged ‘soviets were abandoning communism’

Brezhnev Doctrine

Why was the Brezhnev Doctrine set in place?

So Brezhnev could enforce that nothing like Prague Spring would happen again

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine , Who was involved, when did it happen and where?

in November 1968 Brezhnev (soviet leader) gave a speech. He made it clear that if any country followed the example of Prague Spring, it would face the same consequences.

The consequences of the Brezhnev Doctrine

USA first react negatively but change there mind as not to worsen relations

Chinese suspicious that Soviets might invade China too

What was the Wider impact of the Brezhnev Doctrine?

Communist superpower relations worsen