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Electromagnetic radiation

A form of energy that travels through space as waves like light, microwaves, and X-rays

Wavelength

The distance between 2 identical parts of a wave

Frequency

The number of waves that pass a point per second

Amplitude

The height of a wave from the center line to the top of the crest

Electromagnetic spectrum

The full range of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays

Quantum

The smallest amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom

Planck's constant

A number that shows the relationship between the energy of light and its frequency

Photoelectric effect

When light causes electrons to be ejected from the surface metal

Photon

A particle of light that carries a quantum of energy

Atomic emission spectra

The pattern of colors given off by an element when its electrons return to lower energy levels

Ground state

The lowest energy level of an atom's electrons

Quantum number

a value that describes the properties of an electron in an atom, such as its energy, location, and spin

de Broglie equation

The equation that shows electrons behave like waves as well as particles

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

It is impossible to know both the exact position and speed of an electron at the same time

Quantum mechanical model of the atom

A model that describes electrons as waves in 3d spaces around the nucleus. The are now fixed paths

Atomic orbital

A region in an atom where electrons are found

Principal quantum number

denoted by 𝑛, indicates the main energy level or shell of an electron in an atom

Principle energy level

The major energy areas in an atom

Energy sublevel

Smaller regions inside a principal energy level

Electron configuration

The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the atom’s

Aufbau principle

Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first

Pauli exclusion principle

Each orbital can hold a maxim of 2 electrons and they must have opposite spins

Hund's rule

Electrons fill every orbital in a sublevel with 1 electron first pairing up

Valence electrons

The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Electron-dot structure

A model that uses dots around a symbol to represent valence electrons