Psychology Attachment - KO Full

Interactions of infants with their caregivers

What does attachment begin with?

Reciprocity

Outline what is meant by a description of how two people interact. Mother and infant respond to each others signals

Interactional Synchrony

Outline what is meant by mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other

Schauffer and Emerson (1964)

Who studied Caregiver-Infant interactions?

Grossman (2002)

Who studied the role of the father?

More play and stimulation, less nurturing

What does research suggest about the role of the father?

Field (1978)

Who conducted research on fathers as a primary care giver?

Hand movements/ facial expressions cannot be certain

Identify the problems of conducting research when observing infants

Ensuring research does not disadvantage mothers through negative societal stigma

Why is it important that research is socially sensitive?

Schauffer and Emerson (1964)

Who devised the stages of attachment?

Multiple attachments

What are attachments to two or more people referred to as?

60 babies: 31 male 29female Glasgow

Schauffer and Emerson conducted a study using how many participants and where were they from?

Separation anxiety

Adult leaving the room acts a measure of what?

Stranger anxiety

Infants' anxiety response to unfamiliar adults is a measure of what?

40 weeks 80% = specific attachment 20% multiple attachment

Outline the results of Schaffer and Emerson's study

Asocial Stage

The first few weeks of development as the baby forms bonds with its carers. Babies show preference for familiar adults

Indiscriminate attachment

2-7 months babies display more observable social behaviour. Preference for people over innate objects

Specific Attachment

Around 7 months the majority ofbabies display anxiety towards strangers and become anxious when separated from caregiver

Multiple attachments

Attachment behaviour extends to other adults who they regularly spend time with

Lorenz

Who conducted research on imprinting?

Imprinting

When something comes to recognise another animal, person or thing as a parent or other object of habitual trust

Geese

Name the animal that Lorenz studied imprinting on

Harlow

Who conducted research on Rhesus monkeys?

Contact comfort was of more importance than food

Harlow found that the baby monkeys cuddled the soft one instead of the wire one. What did this show?

Maternal Deprivation

Bowlby referred to the separation or loss of the mother, as well as a failure to develop an attachment. This is known as

Critical Period

The period in which a mother mustbe introduced for an attachment to form, if it is to form at all

12-17 hours

What is the critical period within Lorenz's geese study

90 days.

What is the critical period within Harlow's rhesus monkey study

Learning theory

A set of theories from the behaviourist approach within psychology that emphasise the role of learning in the acquisition of behaviour

Classical Conditioning

Involves learning to associate two stimuli together so that we begin to respond to one in the same way as we already respond to the other

Operant conditioning

Involves learning to repeat behaviour or not depending on the consequences

Reciprocity
Interactional Synchrony

Name two factors ignored by learning theory when associated with forming attachments

Nurture

The learning theory refers to the environment the infant is in this provides an argument for the __________ debate

Monotropic

A term used to describe Bowlby's theory

Internal Working Model IWM

The mental representations we all carry with us of our attachment to our primary caregiver. They are important in affecting our future relationships because they carry our perceptions of what relationships are like

The law of continuity

The law of ____________ stated that: the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better quality of their attachment

The law of accumulated separation

The law of __________ stated that: the effects of every separation from the mother add up and the safest dose is therefore a zero dose

Social releasers

Babies are born with cute innate behaviours such as cooing, smiling, and gripping that encourage attention from adults

Nature

Bowlby described attachment as being an innate system that gave a survival advantage. This provides an argument for the________ debate

Strange Situation

A controlled observation designed to test attachment security

Secure attachment

Considered the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes. In the Strange Situation this is shown by moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion

Insecure-avoidant attachment

An attachment characterised by low anxiety but weak attachment. In the Strange Situation this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion -an avoidance of the caregiver

Insecure-resistant attachment

An attachment type characterised by strong attachment and high anxiety. In the Strange Situation this shown by high levels of stranger and separation anxiety and by resistance to be comforted at reunion

Mary Ainsworth (1969)

Who conducted the Strange Situation?

Proximity Seeking

A behaviour used to judge attachment:an infant with good attachment will stay fairly close

Exploration and secure-base attachment

A behaviour used to judge attachment: good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base

Stranger anxiety

A behaviour used to judge attachment: one of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches

Separation anxiety

A behaviour used to judge attachment: another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver

Response to reunion

A behaviour used to judge attachment: a response to seeing the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions

Culture

Refers to the norms and values that exist within any group of people

Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988

Who conducted the study on cultural variations?

32 studies, meta-analysed

How many studies did they look at and how did they analyse them?

Secure attachment

Which attachment was the norm across a wide range of cultures?

Italy

Where did Simonella et al (2014) conduct a study?

Korea

Where did Jin et al (2021) conduct a study?

Maternal Deprivation

The emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and their mother/ mother substitute

Separation

A child not being in the presence of their primary caregiver

Deprivation

A child is not in the presence of their primary caregiver over a long time period and does not enable an attachment to for

30 months of life

What did Bowlby determine to be the critical period?

Intellectual development and emotional development

What are the effects this has on development?

44 Thieves study

Name the study Bowlby conducted

Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions for others

What is meant by the term affectionless psychopathy?

Institutionalisation

A term for the effects of living in an institutional setting

Orphan Studies

Studies which concern children who are placed in care

Rutter (2011)

Who conducted research on Romanian Orphans?

Childhood relationships

Affiliations with other people in childhood

Adult relationships

Those relationships the child goes on to have as an adult

Bowlby (1969)

Who suggested that child having their first relationship with their primary attachment figure forms a mental representation of this relationship?