Studied by 3 people
Interactions of infants with their caregivers
What does attachment begin with?
Reciprocity
Outline what is meant by a description of how two people interact. Mother and infant respond to each others signals
Interactional Synchrony
Outline what is meant by mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other
Schauffer and Emerson (1964)
Who studied Caregiver-Infant interactions?
Grossman (2002)
Who studied the role of the father?
More play and stimulation, less nurturing
What does research suggest about the role of the father?
Field (1978)
Who conducted research on fathers as a primary care giver?
Hand movements/ facial expressions cannot be certain
Identify the problems of conducting research when observing infants
Ensuring research does not disadvantage mothers through negative societal stigma
Why is it important that research is socially sensitive?
Schauffer and Emerson (1964)
Who devised the stages of attachment?
Multiple attachments
What are attachments to two or more people referred to as?
60 babies: 31 male 29female Glasgow
Schauffer and Emerson conducted a study using how many participants and where were they from?
Separation anxiety
Adult leaving the room acts a measure of what?
Stranger anxiety
Infants' anxiety response to unfamiliar adults is a measure of what?
40 weeks 80% = specific attachment 20% multiple attachment
Outline the results of Schaffer and Emerson's study
Asocial Stage
The first few weeks of development as the baby forms bonds with its carers. Babies show preference for familiar adults
Indiscriminate attachment
2-7 months babies display more observable social behaviour. Preference for people over innate objects
Specific Attachment
Around 7 months the majority ofbabies display anxiety towards strangers and become anxious when separated from caregiver
Multiple attachments
Attachment behaviour extends to other adults who they regularly spend time with
Lorenz
Who conducted research on imprinting?
Imprinting
When something comes to recognise another animal, person or thing as a parent or other object of habitual trust
Geese
Name the animal that Lorenz studied imprinting on
Harlow
Who conducted research on Rhesus monkeys?
Contact comfort was of more importance than food
Harlow found that the baby monkeys cuddled the soft one instead of the wire one. What did this show?
Maternal Deprivation
Bowlby referred to the separation or loss of the mother, as well as a failure to develop an attachment. This is known as
Critical Period
The period in which a mother mustbe introduced for an attachment to form, if it is to form at all
12-17 hours
What is the critical period within Lorenz's geese study
90 days.
What is the critical period within Harlow's rhesus monkey study
Learning theory
A set of theories from the behaviourist approach within psychology that emphasise the role of learning in the acquisition of behaviour
Classical Conditioning
Involves learning to associate two stimuli together so that we begin to respond to one in the same way as we already respond to the other
Operant conditioning
Involves learning to repeat behaviour or not depending on the consequences
Reciprocity Interactional Synchrony
Name two factors ignored by learning theory when associated with forming attachments
Nurture
The learning theory refers to the environment the infant is in this provides an argument for the __________ debate
Monotropic
A term used to describe Bowlby's theory
Internal Working Model IWM
The mental representations we all carry with us of our attachment to our primary caregiver. They are important in affecting our future relationships because they carry our perceptions of what relationships are like
The law of continuity
The law of ____________ stated that: the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better quality of their attachment
The law of accumulated separation
The law of __________ stated that: the effects of every separation from the mother add up and the safest dose is therefore a zero dose
Social releasers
Babies are born with cute innate behaviours such as cooing, smiling, and gripping that encourage attention from adults
Nature
Bowlby described attachment as being an innate system that gave a survival advantage. This provides an argument for the________ debate
Strange Situation
A controlled observation designed to test attachment security
Secure attachment
Considered the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes. In the Strange Situation this is shown by moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion
Insecure-avoidant attachment
An attachment characterised by low anxiety but weak attachment. In the Strange Situation this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion -an avoidance of the caregiver
Insecure-resistant attachment
An attachment type characterised by strong attachment and high anxiety. In the Strange Situation this shown by high levels of stranger and separation anxiety and by resistance to be comforted at reunion
Mary Ainsworth (1969)
Who conducted the Strange Situation?
Proximity Seeking
A behaviour used to judge attachment:an infant with good attachment will stay fairly close
Exploration and secure-base attachment
A behaviour used to judge attachment: good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base
Stranger anxiety
A behaviour used to judge attachment: one of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches
Separation anxiety
A behaviour used to judge attachment: another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver
Response to reunion
A behaviour used to judge attachment: a response to seeing the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions
Culture
Refers to the norms and values that exist within any group of people
Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988
Who conducted the study on cultural variations?
32 studies, meta-analysed
How many studies did they look at and how did they analyse them?
Secure attachment
Which attachment was the norm across a wide range of cultures?
Italy
Where did Simonella et al (2014) conduct a study?
Korea
Where did Jin et al (2021) conduct a study?
Maternal Deprivation
The emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and their mother/ mother substitute
Separation
A child not being in the presence of their primary caregiver
Deprivation
A child is not in the presence of their primary caregiver over a long time period and does not enable an attachment to for
30 months of life
What did Bowlby determine to be the critical period?
Intellectual development and emotional development
What are the effects this has on development?
44 Thieves study
Name the study Bowlby conducted
Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions for others
What is meant by the term affectionless psychopathy?
Institutionalisation
A term for the effects of living in an institutional setting
Orphan Studies
Studies which concern children who are placed in care
Rutter (2011)
Who conducted research on Romanian Orphans?
Childhood relationships
Affiliations with other people in childhood
Adult relationships
Those relationships the child goes on to have as an adult
Bowlby (1969)
Who suggested that child having their first relationship with their primary attachment figure forms a mental representation of this relationship?
Note 
Flashcard (21)