Important terms

label the diagram

1. rumen

2. reticulum

3. omasum

4. abomasum

Rate of gain cattle on pasture / high roughage

1.3-2.0 lb/day

rate of gain of cattle on high grain

2.5-3.0 lb/day

rate of gain of porcine

1.7 lb/day

rate of gain of ovine on pasture

0.4 lb/day

rate of gain of ovine on feedlot

0.6/0.7 lb/day

feed per # dressing of gain (F/G) % - cattle on pasture / high roughage

9-12 lbs

feed per # dressing of gain (F/G) % - cattle on high grain

6-8 lbs

feed per # dressing of gain (F/G) % - porcine

2.5 - 3.0 lb

feed per # dressing of gain (F/G) % - ovine

6 - 8 lbs

what is not a component / class of nutrition

roughage

what is another name for fat / oil

lipids

what has nitrogen in it

amino acids / proteins

what are the two classes of proteins

essential and nonessential

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, and K

what are the six basic classes of nutrients

water

carbohydrates

fats

proteins

vitamins

minerals

what are the most common forms of sugar

disaccharides and polysaccharides

what is the easiest form of sugar to break down

monosaccharides

protein feeds contain what percentage nitrogen?

16%

difference of protein

contains nitrogen

calcium and phosphorus

are important in bone growth and tissue repair

rumen microbes

make water soluble vitamins but monogastrics cannot synthesize them

energy needs of animals generally account for

largest portion if feed consumed

proteins are composed of

25 amino acids

3 parts of the small intestine

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

rumen

large fermentation vat where microbes thrive and break down roughages, covered in papillae to increase surface area (holding)

reticulum

interacts with rumen, initiates mixing of rumen, additional area for fermentation, "honeycomb" surface

omasum

perhaps some grinding, but not much overall function, but has many folds

abomasum

"true stomach" acts similar to stomach in monogastrics

order of ruminant stomach

rumen -> reticulum -> omasum -> abomasum

volatile fatty acids

waste products of bacterial fermentation and are also an energy source

iodine and selenium

tend to be area-dependent, but may need supplementation (proper thyroid function)

peak lactation occurs

45-65 days after calving

fat in milk

needs roughage to maintain it

calcium and phosphorus in lactation

milk is rich in them

their absence if detrimental to female

milk fever occurs if calcium is drained from her system, usually shortly after calving

three phases of prenatal life

sex cells, the embryo, and the fetus

spherical mass of cells differentiates into specific cell types and eventually different organs

endoderm

mesoderm

ectoderm

endoderm

digestive tract, lungs, and bladder

mesoderm

skeleton, skeletal muscles, and connective tissues

ectoderm

skin, hair and spinal cord

hyperplasia

increase in number of muscle fibers

hypertrophy

increase in size of fibers

biggest increase in size of fetus is during

the last trimester

heifers deposit fat

earlier than steers or bulls

barrows deposit fat

earlier than gilts or boars

sound mouth

all 8 teeth intact, some signs of wear

broken mouth

some or all permanent teeth are missing

gummer or gummy

all teeth are broken, worn to the gums, or missing

a mare has

4 glands with 2 teats

oxytocin

causes "milk let down" by making myoepitheal cells

peak milk

4-6 weeks into lactation

ideal lactation period for a dairy cow

305 days

dry period of a dairy cow

60 days

mastitis

inflammation of the udder, can decrease production by 30% or more

who has an intensive management system

poultry and swine (and dairy to an extent)

the only effective sweaters

horses

thermal neutral zone

the temp where the body isn't working to cool down or heat up (maximized performance and health is optimal)

mortality

animal is dead

morbidity

animal is sick

noninfectious disease

results from injury, genetic abnormalities, poor nutrition, etc

infectious disease

caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa

antiseptics

applied to the animal

disinfectants

applied to objects

pharmaceuticals

used mainly to treat disease

biologicals

used primarily to prevent disease

subcutaneous

under skin

intramuscular

into muscle

intravenous

into a vein

intramammary

into the teat canal

intraperitoneal

into the body cavity

intrauterine

through cervix and into uterus