Chp5 Behavioral perspective Classical operant and social cognitive learning

Learning

is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Learning #2

when people learn anything some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned

Ivan Pavlov

is a Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through his work  on digestion in  dogs . this was done  by surgically implanting a device that would collect  salivation 

Normal salivation 

is a reflex or involuntary action  

the food

is a stimulus

the reaction

is a response

Ivan Pavlov discovered 3 things during his experiments on dogs

1 some dogs would  salivate when the saw the lab assistant 

2 some dogs would  salivate when they saw the bowl 

3 some dogs would salivate when the time of day of feeding was 

Classical conditioning

is learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Unconditioned Stimulus

is a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

Unconditioned Response 

is an involuntary response  to a naturally occurring or unconditioned  stimulus  

Conditioned Stimulus

is a stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Neutral stimulus

is a stimulus before any learning has taken place

A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus 

when its paired with an unconditioned stimulus 

Conditioned Response

is a learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Acquisition

is a repeated pairing of the Conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus this process shows how the organism is in the process of learning

principles for classical conditioning 

1 Conditioned Stimulus  must come before Unconditioned Stimulus 

2 Conditioned Stimulus  and Unconditioned Stimulus must come very close together in time ideally only several seconds apart 

3  Neutral Stimulus must be  paired  with  the  Unconditioned stimulus several times before conditioning  can take place 

4 conditioned Stimulus  is usually is distinctive or stands out from other stimuli 

Conditioned taste Aversion

is a development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction

Biological Preparedness

is a tendency of animals to learn certain associations such as taste and nausea with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of learning

Stimulus generalization

is a tendency  to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response 

Stimulus discrimination

is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because it is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Extinction

is the disappearance or weaking of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus ( in classical conditioning )

Spontaneous Recovery

is a reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Cognitive perspective

is a modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned  emotional response 

Is a emotional response that  has  become  classically conditioned to occur to learned stimulus 

Vicarious Conditioning

is classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

operant conditioning

is the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Two parts of Thorndike law of effect 

1 if a response is followed by a pleasurable  consequence it will tend to be repeated 

2 If a response is followed by an unpleasant  consequence it will tend not  to be  repeated 

B.F Skinner

is a behaviorist he wanted to study only observable , measurable behavior

Reinforcement

is any event or stimulus that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again

Primary Reinforcer

is any reinforcer that is naturally  reinforcing by meting  a basic biological need  such as hunger , thirst , or touch

Secondary reinforcer

is any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer such , as praise , tokens or gold stars

Positive Reinforcement

is the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

Negative reinforcement 

the reinforcement of a response  by the removal ,escape from or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus 

Punishment

is any event that when following a response makes that response less likely to happen again

punishment by application

Is the punishment response by the addition or experience of unpleasant stimulus

Punishment by removal 

is the punishment  of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus ( aka negative punishment ) 

Severe punishment brings about four responses

1 It causes avoidance of the punisher instead  of the behavior  being punished 

2 it encourages lying to avoid punishment 

3 creates fear and anxiety 

4 hitting provides a successful model for aggression 

The 3 roles of punishment in operant conditioning

1 punishment should immediately follow behavior its meant to punish

2 punishment should be consistent

3 Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired whenever possible with reinforcement of the right behavior

Discriminative stimulus

Is any stimulus such as a stop sign , or a doorknob that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Extinction 

occurs if the behavior is not reinforced 

operantly conditioned responses

can also be generalized to stimuli that are only similar not identical to the original stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery

is a reoccurrence of a once extinguished response also happens in operant conditioning

Shaping 

is  reinforcement of simple steps  ,leading  to a desired complex behavior 

Successive approximation

is small steps , one after another that lead to a particular goal/ behavior

Instinctive drift

is the tendency for an animal behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns .

instinctive  drift (2) 

instincts differ from species to species and some responses simply cannot be trained into an animal regardless of conditioning 

Behavior modification

is the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Token economy

is a type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Time out

is a form of  mild punishment  by removal  in which a misbehaving  animal , child or adult is placed  in a special area away from  the attention of others 

Edward Tolman

is an early cognitive scientist who was know for experiments in learning that involved teaching three groups of rats at one time .

Edward Tolman’s Maze experiment involved three Groups

Group 1 - was rewarded each time at the end of the maze learned more quickly

Group2 - in the maze everyday was only rewarded on the 10th day demonstrated learning of the maze immediately after receiving reward

Group3 Never rewarded did not learn maze well

Latent Learning 

is  learning that remains hidden until  its  application becomes useful

Insight

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem , allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly. cannot be gained through trail and error learning .

Learned helplessness

is a tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Observational Learning

is learning a new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Learning / performance distinction

is learning that can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

the four elements of observational Learning are 

Attention, Memory, Imitation , desire 

attention

To learn anything Through observation , the learned must first pay attention to the model

Memory

The learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done like remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show

Imitation 

The learner must be capable of reproducing , or imitating  the actions of the model 

Desire

The learner must have the motivation to perform the action