astrocytes
CNS
maintain blood-brain barrier
ependymal cells
CNS
Line spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
Produce CSF
oligodendrocytes
CNS
myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework
Microglia
CNS
Brain’s immune cells
Satellite cells
PNS
surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
regulate neurotransmitter levels
Schwann cells
PNS
Myelinate neurons in PNS
maintenance and regeneration of neurons after injury
penetrance
whether genotype is expressed or not
proportion of individuals exhibiting the phenotype corresponding to a given genotype
expressivity
degree of expression of a phenotype for a given genotype
severity of symptoms based on different alleles
hydrolase
hydrolysis enzyme
transferase
transfer of functional group or phosphate from one group to another
ligase
catalyze addition or synthesis rxns
generally b/w large similar molecules
redox enzymes
oxidoreductase; oxidase; dehydrogenase; mono/di-oxygenase; hydroperoxidases
gastrulation
when three primary germ layers form; involves rearrangement of epithelial cells
glycogenolysis
glycogen phosphorylase - removes single G-1P molecules
In the liver: prevents low blood sugar
In muscle: activated by epinephrine and AMP; provides glucose to muscle
debranching enzymes - removes block of oligoglucose and attaches it to rest of chain via α-1,4 bond
glycogenesis
glycogen synthase - makes α-1,4 bonds
branching enzymes - makes α-1,6 bonds
glyconeogenesis
Pyruvate carboxylase: pyruvate —> OAA
PEP carboxykinase: OAA —> PEP
F1,6-bisphosphatase: F1,6-BP —> F6-P
G 6-phosphatase: G6-P —> glucose
Pentose phosphate pathway
in cytoplasm
generates NADPH and sugars
Rate limiting - G-6P dehydrogenase
Activated by NADP+ and insulin
Inhibited by NADPH
NADPH uses
biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol
cellular bleach production of WBCs
maintenance of supply of reduced glutathione
acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis
requires biotin and ATP
Adds CO2 to acetyl-CoA —> malonyl-CoA
Activated by insulin and citrate
CO2 removed during fatty acid synthesis
glutathione
antioxidant; protects from radical oxidative damage
Gap junctions
communication b/w cells by electrical signals or small chemical messengers
express connexin
Tight junctions
hold cells together and prevent liquid from passing b/w cells, allowing for layer of cells to act as impenetrable barrier
Desmosomes
function to anchor cells together
prominent in cells w/n organs that stretch like cardiac and skin tissue
hemidesmosomes - attach epithelial cells to basement membrane
viral lysogenic phase
host continues to live and reproduce normally, while the bacteriophage lies in a dormant state in the host cell
reducing agent
reduces something else
get oxidized
oxidizing agent
oxidizes something else
gets reduced
molar mass of glucose
160g/mol
acid anhydride
highly reactive and break into their component carboxylic acids if they contact water
D vs L enantiomers
use Fischer projection; depends on the last chiral carbon (highest number)
if highest priority is pointing right —> D
if highest priority is pointing left —> L
dextrorotary
dex, d, or +
rotates polarized light clockwise
levorotary
levo, l, -
rotates polarized light counterclockwise
myopia
nearsightedness
focal length is too small
light rays converge at too short a distance
(-) diopters
hyperopia
farsightedness
focal length too big
light rays converge at too far a distance
(+) diopters
iFOT
normalizes level of protein of interest in particular sample to the total protein in that sample
controls for variability in extraction efficiency on a sample basis
Southern blot
identify and quantify the presence of specific DNA sequences
Northern blot
identify and quantify the presence of specific RNA sequences
Eastern blot
analyze protein post-translational modifications including the addition of lipids, phosphates, and glycoconjugates
Peptide hormone receptor
Usually G protein-coupled receptors
concentration cells
standard cell potential Eo=0
chymotrypsin
preferentially cleaves peptide bonds next to large hydrophobic amino acids
aminopeptidase & carboxypeptidase
cleaves single amino acid from either side of the protein
anion exchange column
used to isolate (bind) anions
is positively charges
cation exchange column
used to isolate (bind) cations
is negatively charged
AA’s that are ketogenic but NOT glucogenic
leucine and lysine
respiratory epithelial cilia
prevent infection by pathogens
decrease obstructive lung disease
move mucus
nonmotile cilia are responsible for cough reflex
caspases
proteins involved in apoptosis
triggered by release to Cytochrome-c from Mitochondria
DNA binding strength
C-G bonds > A-T bonds
ΔG equations
ΔG = -RT*lnKeq
ΔG = -nFEo
Calculating pI
for neutral AA’s: Avg the main chain carboxyl and amino groups
for negative AA’s: Avg the main chain carboxyl group and side chain
for positive AA’s: Avg the main chain amino group and side chain
Smooth ER is primarily a site of what?
carbohydrate biosynthesis
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Uses antibodies to specifically bind to molecules of interest with a second detector antibody
β oxidation
each round removes two oxygens
converts fatty acid into acetyl-CoA
produces 8 acetyl-CoA in total (7 rounds)
ketogenic amino acids
leucine, lysine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine
radiation intensity
dependent on the number of photons emitted over time
volume of 1 mol of ideal gas at std conditions
22.4 L
chemiosmosis
Movement of ions across a semi permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient
(like moving H+ to make ATP)
how enzymes alter the rate of chemical rxns
co-localizing substrates, altering local pH, altering substrate shape, stabilizing the formation of the intermediate
flat bones
contain red bone marrow
found where little movement is needed
ribs, skull
long bones
found where movement is needed
hands, arms, feet, legs
irregular bones
vertebrae
short bones
box-like appearance
carpals and tarsals
sesamoid bones
embedded in tendons
patella, pisiform
competitive inhibition
Vmax same, KM increased
noncompetitive inhibition
Vmax decreased, KM same
uncompetitive inhibition
Vmax decreased, KM decreased
electrophoresis charges
cathode is (-)
anode is (+)
IUPAC functional group priorities
carboxylic acid > acid anhydride > ester > amide > nitrile > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > amine > alkene > alkyne > alkane
percent composition by mass equation
mass of solute/mass of solution x 100
mole fraction equation
# mol of compound/total # mol in system
molality
# mol of solute/kg of solvent
normality
# gram equivalent weights of solute/L of solution
equivalent weight = mass (g) needed to get 1 mol
carbamate
carbon of an amide group
double-displacement (ping-pong)
no ternary complex is formed
only one substrate and product at a time
buffering capacity
±1 pH unit from pKa
A-T: 2
C-G: 3
number of hydrogen bonds between nucleotides
A&G
purines
T&C
pyrimidines
Henry’s law
S=kHPg
gas solubility = constant * partial pressure of the gas
50S - large subunit from prokaryote
60S - large subunit from eukaryote
70S - full ribosome from prokaryote
80S - full ribosome from eukaryote
sedimentation coefficients of ribosomes
amber codon
stop codon
(TAG)
endosome
vesicle from endocytosis
naming explosion
refers to the fact that toddlers add a ton of words to their vocabulary between the ages of one and tow.
overextension
refers to incorrectly using one word to refer to things related to that word. For example, refering to all plants as 'trees' is an example of overextension.
categorical perception
idea that there are distinct categories between things that occour on a continum. For example, most people see a hard cutoff between "red" and "orange" even though all colors exist on a continum of wavelenghts.
bootstrapping
building on existing resource; for language development
elaborative encoding
combining new (to-be-remembered) information with existing memory representations, which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information.
Systematic desensitization
is a classical conditioning technique in which the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus is gradually increased until it no longer elicits the conditioned
shaping
reinforcing successive approximation to desired behavior
spontaneous recovery
process by which a previously extinguished behavioral response returns after a delay (i.e., a rest period) following extinction.
retinal height
monocular depth cue
Objects that are higher up in the visual field are perceived as being farther away than the objects that are lower in the visual field.
culture lag
norms and values have yet to catch up with technological advances.
life course perspective
reflects the intersection of social and historical factors with personal biography and development within which the study of family life and social change
discusses various stages of life
social epidemiology
focuses on the social determinants of health and disease.
relative deprivation
expectations surpass the material resources that a group or individual has