Important clin path stuff to remember

Ixodid

Hard ticks, embed in host and feast for days

Argasidae

Soft ticks, feast at night and prefer birds and bats

Rhipicephalus sanguineus common name?

Brown dog tick

Name the tick

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick)

Ixodes scapularis common name?

Deer tick

Name the tick

Ixodes scapularis (Deer tick)

Dermacentor variabilis common name?

American dog tick

Name the tick

Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick)

Ambylomma americanum common name?

Lone star tick

Name the tick

Ambylomma americanum (lone star tick)

What tick is reportable in the US and why?

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, was eradicated in the US but re-enters from Mexico

What tick has recently invaded VA?

Asian Longhorned tick

What are sacroptiodae

Sarcoptic mange, burrows within epidermis

What are psoptes cuniculi

Rabbit ear mites

What are chroiopotes sp

Horse leg mange (reportable disease)

What are otodectes cynotis

Ear mites in canine and felines

What are demodex gatoi

Very pruritic and contagious mites in cats

What are cheyletiella sp

Zoonotic fur mites that can survive in environment for long periods of time

What are Anoplura louse

Lice that suck and have small heads

What are Mallophaga lice

Biting lice with big heads

Pediculosis

Infestation of lice

Nit

Louse eggs, hang around on hair follicles

Dipterans

2 winged flies

Myiasis

Larval infestation (Maggots)

Gnats

Small dipterans

Simulium

Black flies

Culicoides

Sand flies

Medium dipterans

Mosquitoes

What do mosquitoes need to live?

Bodies of water

What is fly worry

Stress-induced behavior due to fly bites in livestock

Chocliomyia hominivorax common name?

Screwworms, reportable disease

Cuterebra

Larvae that enter through hosts mouth and migrate through connective tissue to subcutaneous tissue to grow

Gasterophilus sp

Horse bot flies, lay eggs on fur and larvae enters through mouth tissues and matures in gut

How do you prevent Gasterophilus sp

Ivermectin for tx and grooming

Hypoderma

Fly egg that digs through skin moving toward chest and abdomen to mature, then to back of animal to mature and drop on soil

Oestrus ovis

Ovine nasal bot

Siphonaptera

Fleas

Echidophaga

Fleas of birds, dogs and cats

Pulex irritans

Fleas that affect humans, swine, and dogs

Ctenocephalides felis

Fleas of cats and dogs

Ctenocephalides canis

Less common canine fleas

Name the ova

Ascarids

Name the ova

Strongyle

Name the ova

Spiruoid

Name the ova

Trichuris

Name the ova

Capillarid

Hypobiosis

Suspension of growth in nematodes

Prepatient period (PPP)

Time from initial infection to point where specific diagnostic stage can be recovered

Habronema sp and Draschia megastoma

Spiruroidea nematodes found in horses stomachs

Thelazia californiensis

Spiruroidea eyeworm of dogs and cats

T. rhodesia and T gulosa

Spiruroidea of livestock animals

Spirocerca lupi

Esophageal worm that can form malignant transformations

Physaloptera sp

Spiruroidea stomach worms of dogs and cats

Toxocara canis, T cati, and T leonina

Ascarids of dogs and cats, found in intestinal tract (Roundworms)

What is the PPP for roundworms?

2-3 weeks

Viscerla larval migrans (VLM)

Human infection caused by roundworms

Paylisascaris procyonis

Racoon roundworm

Ancyclostoma caninun,

Canine hookworms, strongid ova

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

Feline hookworms, strongid ova

Ancylo braziliense

Canine and feline hookworms, strongid ova

Uncinaria stenocephala

Northern canine hookworm, strongid ova

Bunostomum phlebotomum

Ruminant hookworms

Where do hookworms attach?

Small intestine

How does a hookworm infection present in humans?

Squiggly rash, coughing, diarrhea

Rhabditoid

Threadworms, strongid ova

Strongyloides stercoralis

Free living, zoonotic, roundworms

Trichuris vulpis

Canine whipworm, infect colon and cecum

T. Campanula and T serrata

Feline whipworm, rare in NA

Pearsonema plica

Trichuroidea of urinary bladder in dogs and cats

Trichinella spiralis

Whipworm infective larvae in meat

Trichinosis

Human infection of trichuroidea

Why are false negatives common with trichuroidea?

Eggs are only passed every third day

Dirofilaria immitis

Heartworm

Where do adult HW live?

Right ventricle, pulmonary arteries

If a patient is positive for heartworm antigen, what is the next step for testing if the patient is truly positive?

Microfilaria tests (Knotts test, filter test, whole blood smear)

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

Subcutaneous filarial worm, appears very similar to dirofilarial but contains a hooked posterior

Dracunculus insignis

“Guinea worm” subcutaneous filarial worm

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

Feline Lungworm

Filaroides sp

Canine lungworm

Dioctophyma renale

Largest nematode in companion animals, transmitted through earthworms, live in right kidney

What nematodes are zoonotic?

• Toxocara

• Anyclostoma

• Dirofilaria

• Strongyloides stercoralis

• Baylisascaris

Trichostrongyles

Ruminant nematodes that live in GI tract

What are the trichostrongyles in ruminants?

• Chabertia

• Cooperia

• Haemonchus contortus

• Oesophagostomum

• Ostertagia

• Trichostrongylus axei

• Nematodirus

Dictyocanulus sp

Ruminant lungworm

Parascaris equorum

Roundworm of equine

Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus edentatus, Strongylus equinus, Trichostrongylus axei

Large strongyles of equine, ruminants, and pigs

How do large animals contract nematodes?

Eating larvae on blades of grass

Which large strongyle migrates to cranial mesenteric artery and can cause fatal blockage of blood flow to intestines?

Strongylus vulgaris

Can you tell the difference between large and small strongyles by looking at the egg?

no

Strongyloides westerii

Large animal threadworm, transmitted through mammary and skin penetration

Oxyuris equi

Horse pinworms, scavenge the rectum, very pruritic to horses

Onchocerca cervicalis

Filarial threadworm that reside on dorsal neck of horses

• Ascaris suum

• Trichostrongylus axei

• Strongyloides ransom

• Trichuris suis

Swine GI tract nematodes

Trichinella spiralis

Swine nematode that reside in small intestine and muscle tissue. Zoonotic by ingestion of undercooked meat

Baylisascaris procyonis

Racoon roundworm that migrate to brain

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

Deer worm

What large animal nematodes are zoonotic?

• Trichinella spiralis (Swine GI parasite)

• Onchocerca (Horse filarial worm)

• Trichostrongylus sp (Large animal strongyle)

• Ascarus suum (Swine GI parasite)