IB Biology SHL C3.2 - Defence Against Disease

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38 Terms

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Pathogen

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

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Immune System

A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response

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Skin

cutaneous membrane

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Mucous membrane

an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages.

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Lysozyme

an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria

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Clotting factors

proteins in the plasma that serve to activate various parts of the blood clotting process by being transformed from inactive to active forms. Also known as coagulation factors.

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Prothrombin

a protein present in blood plasma that is converted into active thrombin during coagulation.

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Thrombin

an enzyme in blood plasma that causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin.

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Fibrinogin

precursor for fibrin involved in blood clotting

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Fibrin

an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood. It forms a fibrous mesh that impedes the flow of blood.

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Innate immune system

a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens

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Adaptive immune system

Respond to specific antigens; Responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed

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Phagocyte

A white blood cell that destroys pathogens by engulfing them and breaking them down

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Antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

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Antibody

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

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Lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

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Phagosome

Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.

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Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

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T4 helper lymphocytes

white blood cells that are destroyed by HIV

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B lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

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Glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.

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MHC protein

Proteins on the surface of cells that identifies that cell as it's own and that it is not foreign.

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Plasma cells

Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.

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Memory cells

General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.

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Clonal selection

A fundamental mechanism in the development of immunity; antigenic molecules select or bind to specific B or T lymphocytes, activating them; the B cells then differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells

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Immunity

the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.

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HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

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AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.

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Antibiotics

compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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Natural selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

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Zoonoses

diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal host to humans

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Vaccines

dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen. A weakened form of the virus is given to the person so their immune system can build up immunity to the virus.

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Immunization

The deliberate exposure of a pathogen to produce memory cells.

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Herd immunity

the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.

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Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

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Epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

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Percentage difference

The difference between two values divided by the average and shown as a percentage.

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Percentage change

change/original x 100