Exam Thing!!!

Nervous System

CNS (brain/spine. Instructions generated) PNS (relay info to other body parts Ganglia) SNS (control of movement/responses) ANS (controls internal organs, sympathetic ns flight/fight, parasymp rest/digest) Vagus nerve (reg hr, digestion, breathing)

Integumentary System

protects body and excretes waste. epidermis (epithelium w many layers) dermis (CT w vessels/nerves) hypodermis (fat, CT, root of hair, nails, sweat glands). vasodilation rids heat

Skeletal System

Structural spport, protect internal organs, helps w movement, blood (bone marrow). essential nutrients. Axial (head/torso) appendicular (the rest)

Cardiovascular System

heart (2 atria 2 ventricle), blood (enters thru atria veins, exits thru ventricles arteries) right side deox, pumps thru pulmonary artery into lungs for o2, left side ox into aorta and distribute o2. blood leaves thru arteries, to arterioles to capillaries, gases/nutrients exchanged. venules to veins towards the heart. vena cava returns deox blood to heart thru r atrium

Respiratory System

Conduct air into lungs, exchange gases in alveoli. Nasal cavity (filter), pharynx (diverting food to esophagus), larynx (voice), trachea (carries), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs. controlled by medulla oblongota. inhalation (Pectoral muscles, diaphragm goes down to allow air to enter lungs, intercostal muscles expand cavity) Exhalation (decreases chest cavity)

Lymphatic System

Drain excess tissue fluid/lymph from compartments, filter thru lymph nodes, WBC filter, and return to circulatory system. primary organs bone marrow and thymus, secondary lymph nodes, spleen. Thoracic duct largest lymph vessel

Endocrine System

Release hormones (chem messengers), regulate levels. Hypo (stim/suppress others. sleep/temp/bp) pineal (melatonin), pituitary (controls others), thyroid/para (para calcium, thy metabolism), thymus (prod wbc), adrenal (work w hypo/pit, epinephrine, cortisol, adrenaline), pancreas (insulin/glucagon), ovary, testis. exocrine (no hormones, thru ducts)

Digestive System

Digest/absorb nutrients. Moves food through body. consist of alimentary canal Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, s/l intestine, rectum. digest, absorb, eliminate. most digestion occurs in SI

Urinary System

Filter blood, remove waste/excess water. urine goes thru ureter tube into urinary bladder, leaving thru urethra

Reproductive System

fertility, menstruation, reproduction. progest (prep for pregnancy) estrogen (ovulation, growth) vas deferens (carry sperm to urethra) leydig cells (testosterone) sertoli cells (support sperm)

Muscular System

Create and force movement. Support bones. Smooth and cardiac controlled by ANS. Skeletal and cardiac are striated.

Homeostatic regulation

receptor (receives info abt change) control center (processes info) effector (responds by either opposing or enhancing stimulus) positive feedback (birth/clotting) negative (thermoregulation, blood glucose lvl).

Primary electrolyte ions

ECF: sodium (most abundant, balance and reabsorb fluid), bicarbonate (buffer for pH). chloride (osmotic pressure), calcium (muscle contraction) ICF: potassium (most abundant, resting membrane potential and hr), magnesium (ATP metabolism, contraction/relaxation) phosphate (form nct for DNA) Muscles activated via electrolyte activity between ICF/ECF

Brain

Cerebrum (consciousness, thought, memory) cerebellum (motor coordination) cerebral cortex (voluntary motor) Spinal cord (reflexes) cranial/spinal nerves (carry info to CNS) frontal lobe (cognitive center. emotion, language, judgement) thalamus (relay center to cerebral cortex) pons (relay center to cerebellum) hypothalamus (hunger/thirst/pain/temp) medulla oblongata (breath rate/digestive/heart/organ activity) basal ganglia (fine motor/habit/eye)

Blood

granulocytes (neutro eat bacteria/eosino kill parasites/basophils histamine and heparin) Agranulocytes (lympho immune response/monocyte phagocytosis) platelets (clotting) Vit K for clotting. Plasma made of sodium and potassium chloride. o- universal. arteries (pulse, thick, no valves) veins (thin, valves)

Kidneys

filter chems/electrolytes from blood. reg ph in blood by secreting h ions into the filtrate and reabsorbing bicarbonate. PCT (in cortex, reabsorb nutrients/water/electrolytes. secrete waste) Loop of Henle (goes into medulla. descending limb permeable to water, ascending limb impermeable, reabsorbs electrolytes) DCT (in cortex, fine tunes electrolyte balance under hormonal control) collecting duct (end of nephron. final site of water reabsorption reg by ADH)

Energy production

Krebs/Citric (Matrix of mitochon) Glycolysis (cytoplasm, converts 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate) ETC (Inner membrane of mitochon, plasma membrane in prok. prod PH gradient/ h ions during oxidation of glucose)

Classification

domain, kingdom, phyl, subphyl, class, order, family, genus, species

Protein synthesis

Central dogma DNA transcription RNA translation protein. Transcription (DNA read, complementary mrna strand made) translation (mrna decoded at ribosome, AA assembled) no genetic info in proteins. first digested in stomach

ear

outer ear (auricle/auditory canal/tympanic membrane aka eardrum) middle ear (ossicles) inner ear (impulses go to CNS)

Cell division

Mitosis (diploid from diploid, all cells/somatic) meiosis (haploid from diploid. gametocytes/sex cells, crossing over) inter,pro,meta,ana,telo,cytokinesis

-Genesis types

Oogenesis (egg and 2-3 polar bodies, X , discontinuous in ovum) Spermatogenesis (4 mature sperm, YX or Y, daily) 23 chromos.

Eye

Cornea (protects outer eye) sclera (white part) iris (control pupil size) lens (focuses light entering eye) Retina (cells back of eyes converts light into signals. rods low light, cones colors) optic nerve (connects retina to brain)

Heart

Diastole (atrial contract) Systole (ventricular contract) SA node (pacemaker) AV node (carries signals from upper to lower chambers) L/R bundle branch (send electric impulses to their respective sides) bundle of his (send impulses from av nodle to purkinje fibers) purkinje fibers (make heart ventricles contract/pump out blood)

Plants

stem (support) phloem (transport nutrients) ground tissue (storage/support) chloroplast (photosynthesis) nontracheophytes (no vascular tissue, like moss) tracheophytes (transport fluid using tissue) vegetative propogation (asexual) stamen (flower male organ. composed of anther that prod haploid spores) pistil (female organ. madeof stigma, style, ovary) petals protect pistil.