ENG REVIEWER

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109 Terms

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Skimming, Scanning, Close Reading
Reading Strategies
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Skimming
A style of skip reading to get an overview by reading the first line or a section. It is a process of reading a text quickly to get the main ideas. Not every detail of the text is being known.
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SCANNING
A style of reading to find an answer, getting a proper quotation or reference. It is a process of finding a specific piece of information in a text.
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Close Reading
A style of reading where you cover the concept of all means. It is a process of reading a text carefully to monitor your comprehension.
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Careful Reading
Another name for close reading
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SQ3R Method
Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
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Cohesion
It relates to the MICRO level of the text, i.e. the words and sentences and sentences and how they join or link together.
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Additive
Lexical devices: Introduce a related idea added to the previously stated one.
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Comparative
Lexical devices: Introduce an idea with some similarity to the previously stated one.
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Contrastive
Lexical Devices: Introduce an idea that opposes or is otherwise different from the previously stated one.
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Conceding
Lexical Devices: Introduces a new idea that is treated as better or more acceptable than the previous one.
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Causal
Lexical Devices: Transitions between a cause/effect pair.
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Enumerative
Lexical Devices: Introduces a list or set
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Exemplifying
Lexical Devices: Introducing an example.
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Sequential
Lexical Devices: Used for chronological sequence.
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Summative
Lexical Devices: Signals conclusion
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Coherence
It uses sentences that fit seamlessly so that ideas flow smoothly.
It relates to MACRO level features of a text which help it to make sense as a whole.
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PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION:
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Time Order
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Also known as "chronological order"
Often used in writing narratives.
Used to state the events in the order they occurred.
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Sequential Order
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used in process essays
Used to explain a step-by-step process to the readers.
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Order of Importance
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used to highlight greatest or least important ideas or vice versa.
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Spatial Order
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used in describing a place (appearance).
Helps create an image that allow readers to visualize what's being described.
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Compare and Contrast
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used when the similarities and differences of two or more things are investigated simultaneously.
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Cause and Effect
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Discusses the things that happened and what their effects are.
Used in persuasive or expository writing pieces.
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Problem and Solution
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used in essay where ideas are expressed as problems followed by the solution for the particular issue being discussed.
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Time order, sequential order, order of importance, spatial order, compare and contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution
Patterns of Organization (enumerate)
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additive, comparative, contrastive, conceding, causal, enumerative, exemplifying, sequential, summative (ACCCCEESS)
Lexical devices (enumerate)
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Literary Theories
These are developed as means to understand the various ways people read texts. These are lenses that a reader can use to view a text in a new light.
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Literary Criticism
The study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature.
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Structuralism
It identifies structures, systems of relationships, which endow signs (e.g., words) or items (e.g., clothes, cars, table manners, rituals) with identities and meanings, and shows us the ways in which we think.
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Linguistic Construct
Structuralist believe that text is a \_____________ \____________.
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Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
Father of Modern Linguistics. Made huge contribution to structuralism.
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Course in General Linguistics
The title of the book of Saussure that consists of his students' notes.
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Unit of Knowledge
What is the construct of language?
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Language
\_________ follows a structure.
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Sign
Any unit of language
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Signifier is more important because it does not change.
According to Saussure, what is more important, signifier or signified? Why?
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Arbitrary relationship between signifier and signified
The meaning of the word is culturally constructed.
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Binary relationship between words
words can be understood by looking at its binary opposite.
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Sign, Parole and Langue, Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic axes, Dichotomy and Trichotomy
Four Major Theories
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Formalism
The process of formalist analysis is only complete when everything the work has been accounted for in terms of its overall form.
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Form
Word that formalism comes from
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Russia in 1910
When and where did Formalism begin
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1925.
Until when did Formalism flourished?
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Moscow Linguistic Society (MLS)
Prague Linguistic Circle (PLC)
Two groups in Formalism
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Roman Jakobson
Who headed the Moscow Linguistic Society?
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Victor Shlovsky
Who headed Prague Linguistic Circle?
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metaphor and metonymy
Two fundamental structures of language according to Jakobson
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Art as Technique
Title of the book that Shlovsky wrote
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Textual and Contextual
Ways to derive the meaning of a text.
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Textual
Looking into the text and analyzing its meaning through the words printed on it.
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Contextual
Looking into the text from a specific context (e.g. Feminism, Marxism).
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Neoclassicism
Dominant with science and technology, logic, and rationality.
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Romanticism
Romanticists have thought that too much thinking drifts us away from our own nature. Thinking less of head and more about heart.
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Historical Approach
It involves looking around beyond the literature at the broader historical and cultural events occurring at the time the piece was written.
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Specific Details
In Historicism, \________ \________ matter.
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Moral and Philosophical Approach
Critics pose that the larger function of literature is to teach morality and probe philosophical issues.
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Moral
The purpose of literature is to teach values, express universal truths of life, codes of construct, human behavior that society needs to emulate.
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Philosophical
Look into philosophical issues and concepts within the text.
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Plato
Who emphasized moralism and utilitarianism.
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Moralism
A set of personal or social standards for good or bad behavior and character.
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Utilitarianism
An ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes; weighs the wellbeing of everyone equally.
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Horace
Person who stressed that literature should be delightful and instructive.
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Reader-Response Approach
It is readers, with whatever experience they bring to the text, who give its meaning.
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Marxism
A political, social, and economic theory, fathered by Karl Marx, that claims economics is the base on which the superstructure of social, political, and ideological realities are built.
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Karl Marx
A revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and
economist.
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The Communist Manifesto
the known and most
celebrated pamphlet in the history of socialist
movement
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BOURGEOISIE
The ones who control the world's economic, natural, and human resources, and can manipulate the culture to maintain their position of power.
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PROLETARIAT
The majority of society who perform manual labor essentially benefits the bourgeoisie, end up engaging in commodification or relating to objects and even people in terms of anything other than their use value or utility.
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Feminist Approach
A literary movement that talks about the conditions of women portrayed and how they are being represented in literature.
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Elaine Showalter
An American literary critic and teacher.
Founder of gynocritics (a school of feminist
criticism concerned with "woman as writer... with
the history, themes, genres, and structures of
literature by women.")
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Feminine Phase, Feminist Phase, Female Phase
PHASES OF MODERN WOMEN'S LITERARY DEVELOPMENT
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FEMININE PHASE (1840-1880)
During which women writers imitated the dominant male traditions.
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FEMINIST PHASE (1880-1920)
When women advocated for their rights.
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FEMALE PHASE (1920-present)
When dependency upon opposition-that is, on uncovering misogyny in male texts-is replaced by the rediscovery of women's texts and women.
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ANGEL IN THE HOUSE
Submissive, childlike, virginal, chaste, selfless, has no story of her own, only lives to care for her husband.
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MADWOMAN IN THE ATTIC
Sexually voracious, refuses to stay in her place; has both her story and female autonomy.
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MALE GAZE
An erotically charged pleasurable looking oppressive to women.
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Voyeuristic look, Fetishistic look
Types of Male Gaze
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VOYEURISTIC LOOK
A controlling, sadistic gaze; women are not aware of the looking.
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FETISHISTIC LOOK
An erotic gaze that is compensation for something; woman is the fetish object and stops the action.
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Victor-Marie Hugo
Full name of Victor Hugo
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Les Misérables (1862), Notre-Dame de Paris (1831)
Novels Hugo is known for
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Imaginative realism
a literary style that combines realistic elements with exaggerated symbolism; each character represents a significant social issue of the time.
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Louis Napoleon's monarch
Monarch Hugo opposed to
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1851
When was he forced to flee to France
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Les Miserables
A historical fiction novel that contains powerful themes, complex characters, and interesting plot twists.
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1862
When was Les Miserables first published
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Love and Compassion, Social Injustice, Long-term effects of the French Revolution
Three major predicaments of the 19th century
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Love and Compassion
Assert that these are the most important gifts that we can give to others.
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Social Injustice
Unjust class-based structure of 19th Century France
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Long-term Effects of the French Revolution
Battle of Waterloo and Battle at the Barricades
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Jean Valjean
The protagonist of Les Miserables.
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19 years
Years Valjean was imprisoned
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Encounter with Bishop Myriel
What changed Valjean
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Daughter of Fantine: Cosette
Who did Jean adopt
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Cosette
She spent a number of years under the tyrannical care of the Thenardiers but she never adopted their cruel views.
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Marius
Cosette fell inlove with \_______.
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Javert
He is a police inspector who enforced society's laws and morals that he did not realize he was living by mistaken assumptions.
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Fantine
Her misfortune is caused by the callousness or greed of others.