ENG REVIEWER

Skimming, Scanning, Close Reading

Reading Strategies

Skimming

A style of skip reading to get an overview by reading the first line or a section. It is a process of reading a text quickly to get the main ideas. Not every detail of the text is being known.

SCANNING

A style of reading to find an answer, getting a proper quotation or reference. It is a process of finding a specific piece of information in a text.

Close Reading

A style of reading where you cover the concept of all means. It is a process of reading a text carefully to monitor your comprehension.

Careful Reading

Another name for close reading

SQ3R Method

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

Cohesion

It relates to the MICRO level of the text, i.e. the words and sentences and sentences and how they join or link together.

Additive

Lexical devices: Introduce a related idea added to the previously stated one.

Comparative

Lexical devices: Introduce an idea with some similarity to the previously stated one.

Contrastive

Lexical Devices: Introduce an idea that opposes or is otherwise different from the previously stated one.

Conceding

Lexical Devices: Introduces a new idea that is treated as better or more acceptable than the previous one.

Causal

Lexical Devices: Transitions between a cause/effect pair.

Enumerative

Lexical Devices: Introduces a list or set

Exemplifying

Lexical Devices: Introducing an example.

Sequential

Lexical Devices: Used for chronological sequence.

Summative

Lexical Devices: Signals conclusion

Coherence

It uses sentences that fit seamlessly so that ideas flow smoothly.
It relates to MACRO level features of a text which help it to make sense as a whole.

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION:

Time Order

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Also known as "chronological order"
Often used in writing narratives.
Used to state the events in the order they occurred.

Sequential Order

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used in process essays
Used to explain a step-by-step process to the readers.

Order of Importance

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used to highlight greatest or least important ideas or vice versa.

Spatial Order

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used in describing a place (appearance).
Helps create an image that allow readers to visualize what's being described.

Compare and Contrast

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used when the similarities and differences of two or more things are investigated simultaneously.

Cause and Effect

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Discusses the things that happened and what their effects are.
Used in persuasive or expository writing pieces.

Problem and Solution

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION: Used in essay where ideas are expressed as problems followed by the solution for the particular issue being discussed.

Time order, sequential order, order of importance, spatial order, compare and contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution

Patterns of Organization (enumerate)

additive, comparative, contrastive, conceding, causal, enumerative, exemplifying, sequential, summative (ACCCCEESS)

Lexical devices (enumerate)

Literary Theories

These are developed as means to understand the various ways people read texts. These are lenses that a reader can use to view a text in a new light.

Literary Criticism

The study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature.

Structuralism

It identifies structures, systems of relationships, which endow signs (e.g., words) or items (e.g., clothes, cars, table manners, rituals) with identities and meanings, and shows us the ways in which we think.

Linguistic Construct

Structuralist believe that text is a \_____________ \____________.

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)

Father of Modern Linguistics. Made huge contribution to structuralism.

Course in General Linguistics

The title of the book of Saussure that consists of his students' notes.

Unit of Knowledge

What is the construct of language?

Language

\_________ follows a structure.

Sign

Any unit of language

Signifier is more important because it does not change.

According to Saussure, what is more important, signifier or signified? Why?

Arbitrary relationship between signifier and signified

The meaning of the word is culturally constructed.

Binary relationship between words

words can be understood by looking at its binary opposite.

Sign, Parole and Langue, Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic axes, Dichotomy and Trichotomy

Four Major Theories

Formalism

The process of formalist analysis is only complete when everything the work has been accounted for in terms of its overall form.

Form

Word that formalism comes from

Russia in 1910

When and where did Formalism begin

1925.

Until when did Formalism flourished?

Moscow Linguistic Society (MLS)
Prague Linguistic Circle (PLC)

Two groups in Formalism

Roman Jakobson

Who headed the Moscow Linguistic Society?

Victor Shlovsky

Who headed Prague Linguistic Circle?

metaphor and metonymy

Two fundamental structures of language according to Jakobson

Art as Technique

Title of the book that Shlovsky wrote

Textual and Contextual

Ways to derive the meaning of a text.

Textual

Looking into the text and analyzing its meaning through the words printed on it.

Contextual

Looking into the text from a specific context (e.g. Feminism, Marxism).

Neoclassicism

Dominant with science and technology, logic, and rationality.

Romanticism

Romanticists have thought that too much thinking drifts us away from our own nature. Thinking less of head and more about heart.

Historical Approach

It involves looking around beyond the literature at the broader historical and cultural events occurring at the time the piece was written.

Specific Details

In Historicism, \________ \________ matter.

Moral and Philosophical Approach

Critics pose that the larger function of literature is to teach morality and probe philosophical issues.

Moral

The purpose of literature is to teach values, express universal truths of life, codes of construct, human behavior that society needs to emulate.

Philosophical

Look into philosophical issues and concepts within the text.

Plato

Who emphasized moralism and utilitarianism.

Moralism

A set of personal or social standards for good or bad behavior and character.

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes; weighs the wellbeing of everyone equally.

Horace

Person who stressed that literature should be delightful and instructive.

Reader-Response Approach

It is readers, with whatever experience they bring to the text, who give its meaning.

Marxism

A political, social, and economic theory, fathered by Karl Marx, that claims economics is the base on which the superstructure of social, political, and ideological realities are built.

Karl Marx

A revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and
economist.

The Communist Manifesto

the known and most
celebrated pamphlet in the history of socialist
movement

BOURGEOISIE

The ones who control the world's economic, natural, and human resources, and can manipulate the culture to maintain their position of power.

PROLETARIAT

The majority of society who perform manual labor essentially benefits the bourgeoisie, end up engaging in commodification or relating to objects and even people in terms of anything other than their use value or utility.

Feminist Approach

A literary movement that talks about the conditions of women portrayed and how they are being represented in literature.

Elaine Showalter

An American literary critic and teacher.
Founder of gynocritics (a school of feminist
criticism concerned with "woman as writer... with
the history, themes, genres, and structures of
literature by women.")

Feminine Phase, Feminist Phase, Female Phase

PHASES OF MODERN WOMEN'S LITERARY DEVELOPMENT

FEMININE PHASE (1840-1880)

During which women writers imitated the dominant male traditions.

FEMINIST PHASE (1880-1920)

When women advocated for their rights.

FEMALE PHASE (1920-present)

When dependency upon opposition-that is, on uncovering misogyny in male texts-is replaced by the rediscovery of women's texts and women.

ANGEL IN THE HOUSE

Submissive, childlike, virginal, chaste, selfless, has no story of her own, only lives to care for her husband.

MADWOMAN IN THE ATTIC

Sexually voracious, refuses to stay in her place; has both her story and female autonomy.

MALE GAZE

An erotically charged pleasurable looking oppressive to women.

Voyeuristic look, Fetishistic look

Types of Male Gaze

VOYEURISTIC LOOK

A controlling, sadistic gaze; women are not aware of the looking.

FETISHISTIC LOOK

An erotic gaze that is compensation for something; woman is the fetish object and stops the action.

Victor-Marie Hugo

Full name of Victor Hugo

Les Misérables (1862), Notre-Dame de Paris (1831)

Novels Hugo is known for

Imaginative realism

a literary style that combines realistic elements with exaggerated symbolism; each character represents a significant social issue of the time.

Louis Napoleon's monarch

Monarch Hugo opposed to

1851

When was he forced to flee to France

Les Miserables

A historical fiction novel that contains powerful themes, complex characters, and interesting plot twists.

1862

When was Les Miserables first published

Love and Compassion, Social Injustice, Long-term effects of the French Revolution

Three major predicaments of the 19th century

Love and Compassion

Assert that these are the most important gifts that we can give to others.

Social Injustice

Unjust class-based structure of 19th Century France

Long-term Effects of the French Revolution

Battle of Waterloo and Battle at the Barricades

Jean Valjean

The protagonist of Les Miserables.

19 years

Years Valjean was imprisoned

Encounter with Bishop Myriel

What changed Valjean

Daughter of Fantine: Cosette

Who did Jean adopt

Cosette

She spent a number of years under the tyrannical care of the Thenardiers but she never adopted their cruel views.

Marius

Cosette fell inlove with \_______.

Javert

He is a police inspector who enforced society's laws and morals that he did not realize he was living by mistaken assumptions.

Fantine

Her misfortune is caused by the callousness or greed of others.