Biological Science I BSC 2010 - Lecture Review

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and processes discussed in the lecture notes for BSC 2010. They focus on biological hierarchies, cellular functions, genetics, metabolism, and the principles of molecular biology.

Life can be studied at different levels ranging from __ to the entire living planet.

molecules

Emergent properties result from the arrangement and __ of parts within a system.

interaction

Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to __ components.

simpler

Systems biology constructs models for the __ behavior of whole biological systems.

dynamic

Emergent properties that characterize living things include __, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction.

homeostasis

The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for __.

life

All cells use __ as their genetic information.

DNA

Bacteria and Archaea are __; plants, animals, fungi, and other forms of life are __.

prokaryotic; eukaryotic

The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of __.

DNA

The process by which information flows from DNA to RNA to __ is called gene expression.

protein

A __ reaction is one that proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous.

exergonic

Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the __ barrier.

activation energy

During glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of __.

pyruvate

The __ cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules.

citric acid

Photosynthesis can be summarized by the equation: __.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Microtubules, microfilaments, and __ make up the cytoskeleton.

intermediate filaments

An operon is the entire stretch of DNA that includes the __, the operator, and the genes they control.

promoter

By default, the trp operon is usually __, while the lac operon is usually off unless induced.

on

In eukaryotic cells, the initial RNA transcript from any gene is called __.

primary transcript

A __ mutation replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides.

base-pair substitution

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from to to __.

DNA; RNA; protein

The __ cycle includes the steps of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor.

Calvin

Life can be studied at different levels ranging from __ to the entire living planet.

molecules

Emergent properties result from the arrangement and __ of parts within a system.

interaction

Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to __ components.

simpler

Systems biology constructs models for the __ behavior of whole biological systems.

dynamic

Emergent properties that characterize living things include __, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction.

homeostasis

The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for __.

life

All cells use __ as their genetic information.

DNA

Bacteria and Archaea are __; plants, animals, fungi, and other forms of life are __.

prokaryotic; eukaryotic

The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of __.

DNA

The process by which information flows from DNA to RNA to __ is called gene expression.

protein

A __ reaction is one that proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous.

exergonic

Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the __ barrier.

activation energy

During glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of __.

pyruvate

The __ cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules.

citric acid

Photosynthesis can be summarized by the equation: __.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Microtubules, microfilaments, and __ make up the cytoskeleton.

intermediate filaments

An operon is the entire stretch of DNA that includes the __, the operator, and the genes they control.

promoter

By default, the trp operon is usually __, while the lac operon is usually off unless induced.

on

In eukaryotic cells, the initial RNA transcript from any gene is called __.

primary transcript

A __ mutation replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides.

base-pair substitution

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from **** to ** to __.

DNA; RNA; protein

The __ cycle includes the steps of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor.

Calvin

According to __ theory, all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells.

cell

The main energy currency of the cell, ATP, stands for __ and consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups.

adenosine triphosphate

The process that generates most of the ATP in cellular respiration through chemiosmosis is called __.

oxidative phosphorylation

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are key players in __ synthesis.

protein

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template is called __.

transcription

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in mRNA is called __.

translation

In eukaryotic gene regulation, __ and DNA methylation can affect chromatin structure and gene expression.

histone modification

Insertions or deletions of nucleotides that alter the reading frame of the genetic message are known as __ mutations.

frameshift