Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR / TAPVC)

1. A newborn is diagnosed with a defect where pulmonary veins fail to connect to the left atrium and instead drain into the right atrium. This condition is called:

B. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

2. In TAPVR, pulmonary venous blood drains into:

B. Right atrium or systemic veins

3. Systemic circulation in TAPVR depends on:

B. Blood shunting across ASD or PFO

4. TAPVR accounts for approximately what percentage of congenital heart defects?

A. 1%

5. The severity of TAPVR increases when:

B. Pulmonary veins are obstructed

6. The most common type of TAPVR is:

C. Supracardiac

7. In supracardiac TAPVR, pulmonary veins typically drain into the:

B. Superior vena cava

8. Cardiac TAPVR involves drainage into:

B. Right atrium or coronary sinus

9. The most severe form of TAPVR is:

C. Infradiaphragmatic

10. Infradiaphragmatic TAPVR typically drains into the:

B. Inferior vena cava

11. Infradiaphragmatic TAPVR is considered:

C. Surgical emergency

12. A newborn with TAPVR may initially present with:

B. Mild cyanosis and tachypnea

13. Signs of congestive heart failure in TAPVR include:

B. Tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, hepatomegaly

14. Pulmonary complications in TAPVR include:

A. Pulmonary edema

15. Growth in infants with TAPVR is often:

C. Poor

16. Frequent respiratory infections in TAPVR are due to:

B. Increased pulmonary blood flow

17. Which physical finding may be seen on chest inspection?

B. Precordial bulge

18. A heart sound finding in non-obstructed TAPVR is:

B. Wide, fixed S2 split

19. A murmur in TAPVR is typically heard:

B. In pulmonic area (systolic murmur)

20. Chest X-ray findings in TAPVR include:

B. RA and RV enlargement with increased pulmonary blood flow

21. ECG findings typically show:

B. Right ventricular hypertrophy

22. Echocardiogram findings include:

B. Dilated RA and RV with small left chambers

23. Echocardiogram can also identify:

B. Type of pulmonary drainage and obstruction

24. A patent foramen ovale in TAPVR is:

B. Necessary for systemic circulation

25. Prostaglandin E1 is used in TAPVR to:

B. Maintain PDA in some newborns

26. Diuretics in TAPVR are used to:

B. Manage congestive heart failure

27. Definitive treatment for TAPVR is:

B. Surgery in early infancy

28. Surgical correction involves:

B. Anastomosing pulmonary veins to left atrium

29. During surgery, the ASD is:

B. Closed

30. Anomalous venous connections are:

B. Ligated

31. A major postoperative complication is:

B. Re-obstruction of pulmonary veins

32. Another surgical complication includes:

A. Bleeding

33. Rhythm complications after surgery include:

B. Dysrhythmias (heart block)

34. Pulmonary complications after surgery include:

B. Pulmonary hypertension

35. Heart failure after surgery may be:

B. Persistent

36. Surgery for TAPVR is:

B. Required for survival

37. Postoperative mortality rate for TAPVR is approximately:

C. 5–10%