APUSH Unit 5 Test

Seward’s Folly- William Seward

• Bought Alaska for 7.2 million dollars

• William Seward refers to a prominent American politician who served as the Secretary of State under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson during the Civil War era, most notably known for negotiating the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, often called "Seward's Folly" due to initial criticism of the acquisition

• Seward’s Folly: The purchase of Alaska by the United States from Russia in 1867, orchestrated by Secretary of State William H. Seward, which was initially considered a foolish decision due to the perceived uselessness of the cold, distant territory, but later proved to be a valuable acquisition with the discovery of natural resources like gold and oil. 

Spanish American War

• A conflict fought between the United States and Spain in 1898, primarily over the issue of Cuban independence, which resulted in the US acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking a significant shift in American foreign policy towards imperialism and establishing the US as a global power; often fueled by "yellow journalism" and the controversial sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. 

• Read notes between (490-506)

Yellow Journalism

• Sensationalized stories or editorials that reported “truth”

• A style of newspaper reporting that heavily emphasizes sensationalism, often exaggerating or fabricating stories to attract readers, typically by using large headlines and eye-catching visuals, often at the expense of factual accuracy

Teller Amendment

• That the US would not occupy Cuba and would leave when a new government was established.

• A congressional act passed in 1898 that stated the United States would not annex Cuba after overthrowing Spanish rule, essentially promising to grant Cuba its independence once the Spanish-American War was over; it was meant to reassure the world that the US did not have imperialistic designs on Cuba

Philippine American War

• 1899 – Aguinaldo starts a Guerilla War

• US rounded up citizens and tortured prisoners, destroyed property and
  worse.

• Sent in 70,000 more

• Eventually catch Aguinaldo and the insurrection ends.

• Sent in William H. Taft as Governor

• A conflict that erupted between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries following the Spanish-American War, where the US annexed the Philippines, leading to a brutal struggle for control of the islands from 1899 to 1902, marked by Filipino nationalist efforts to gain independence and fierce resistance against American forces, often using guerilla tactics; this war is considered a significant example of American imperialism in the early 20th century

• The armed conflict between Filipino nationalists, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, and the United States military following the Spanish-American War, where the Filipinos fought for independence from American colonial rule after the US annexed the Philippines through the Treaty of Paris; also known as the Philippine-American War. 

Open Door Policy

• US sends John Hay –Secretary of State in 1899

• Open Door Policy

• China should be an “open door” to trade.

• Nations possessing a sphere would respect the rights and
  privileges of other nations in that sphere

• China would collect tariff duties in all spheres

• Nations would not discriminate against other nations in
  port duties and RR rates within their sphere.

• A United States foreign policy established in the late 19th century that aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China, preventing any single power from monopolizing trade within the country, while also calling for respect of China's territorial integrity

Roosevelt Corollary

• Latin American countries prone to economic take over
  • Loans from Europe to help industrialize
  • 1902 Venezuela defaulted to England

• Corollary
  • Latin American Countries were warned to keep economic affairs in order
  • If not, America would send officials to take over the banks and force payment of debts

• Asserting the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American countries to maintain stability and order. It justified American intervention in the Western Hemisphere, particularly in cases of chronic wrongdoing or financial instability, reinforcing the U.S. role as a regional police power.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

• 99-year lease

• $10 million and then $250,000 annual rent

• 10-mile-wide canal zone

• Aug. 15, 1914, opened ($375 million cost)

• Colombia received $25 million...smooth things over

• An agreement signed between the United States and Panama in 1903 that granted the US the right to build and control the Panama Canal across the Isthmus of Panama

Sussex/Arabic Pledge

• No unrestricted submarine warfare
  • Subs restrictions
  • Subs surface
  • Stop target
  • Board and check papers
  • Passengers allowed to go to life boats
  • Sink vessel

• German assurances, made after the sinking of the Arabic (1915) and the Sussex (1916), to limit submarine warfare to military targets and to ensure the safety of passengers and crew on merchant ships, aiming to avoid American entry into World War I

Zimmerman Telegram

• 2-25-1917 – Zimmerman Telegram
  -British intercept
  -Letter to Mexico that stated if US enters war, Germany will give Financial
  support to Mexico
  -When over Mexico would get New Mexico, Texas, Arizona

• British intercepted
  -Letter to Mexico
  -Alliance with Germany if US enters war
  -Financial support
  -Recover New Mexico, Texas, Arizona

• Refers to a secret coded message sent by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to Mexico during World War I, proposing a military alliance against the United States in exchange for Mexico regaining lost territory like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, which ultimately helped push the United States into the war after the British intercepted and decoded the telegram; this event is considered a key turning point in American involvement in WW1

Committee on Public Information

• Committee on Public Information (CPI)
  -George Creel
  -Thousands to use Propaganda

• A government agency established during World War I, also known as the "Creel Committee," which was primarily responsible for using propaganda and public relations to promote American support for the war effort on the home front, by mobilizing the press, media, and public opinion to rally behind the cause

Food Administration

• Herbert Hoover

• Limit to supply troops, self sacrifice, meatless/wheatless days

• Fixed prices of wheat, victory gardens planted

• A government agency established during World War I, led by Herbert Hoover, whose primary goal was to manage and conserve food supplies by encouraging voluntary rationing and efficient distribution to ensure adequate food for both American troops and war-torn Europe

Treaty of Versailles

• The peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I, imposing harsh penalties on Germany including territorial losses, heavy reparations payments, and severe restrictions on its military capabilities, essentially placing the blame for the war solely on Germany, which is considered a major factor contributing to future tensions leading to World War I

• The peace treaty that formally ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany, including territorial losses, disarmament, and reparations, and also establishing the League of Nations

• Also known as fourteen points

Assembly Line (Henry Ford)

• A manufacturing process where a product moves sequentially through various stations, with each station adding a specific part or process until the final product is complete, significantly increasing production speed and efficiency

• The industrialist who revolutionized the automobile industry through mass production and the assembly line, making cars affordable and accessible to the middle class

• American industrialist and the founder of the Ford Motor Company, known for revolutionizing the automobile industry by introducing assembly line production techniques. His innovations not only made cars affordable for the average American but also transformed manufacturing processes across various industries, significantly impacting the economy and society during the early 20th century.

Flappers

• Short hair, higher skirts

• Smoked, danced, drank in public

• Young, urban women in the 1920s who challenged traditional gender roles and societal norms by embracing shorter skirts, bobbed hair, jazz music, and a more liberated lifestyle, often seen as a symbol of the era's social changes

Lost Generation

• A group of American writers and intellectuals who were disillusioned by the horrors of World War I and felt alienated from the values and norms of mainstream American society in the 1920s. This term captures their sense of aimlessness and loss, as they grappled with the impact of the war on their lives and works, often expressing their feelings through literature that critiqued contemporary culture and examined themes of disillusionment and existential despair

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

• Arrested and executed with no real evidence of murder on 8/23/1927

• Were controversially tried and executed for robbery and murder in the 1920s. Their trial highlighted the intense anti-immigrant sentiment and political paranoia during the Red Scare, reflecting broader societal fears of radicalism and foreign influences in America

KKK

• 1915 – Stone Mountain Georgia William Simmons
• Flourished in villages
• Anti-Black, Anti-immigrant, Anti-Jewish, Anti-Catholic
• Had organizations (Woman’s Order, Tri-K Klub for girls)
• Gave a sense of identity
• In politics – Texas, Oregon, Oklahoma

Scopes Trial

• John Thomas Scopes (Dayton Tennessee, 1925 taught evolution)

• Against Tennessee law

• Big court case

• Evolution side – Clarence Darrow v. Fundamentalist side William Jennings Bryan

• Scopes loses fined $100

• But rural society looks backward, and the press really attack it.

• Centered around the legality of teaching evolution in public schools, highlighting the clash between modern science and traditional religious beliefs during the 1920s

Calvin Coolidge

• The 30th US President, epitomized "laissez-faire" economics, advocating for minimal government intervention in the economy, tax cuts, and reduced spending, which led to a period of prosperity but some argue also contributed to the Great Depression. 

• Known for his quiet demeanor and hands-off approach to government, he embodied the spirit of the 1920s, a decade marked by economic prosperity, social change, and a growing emphasis on individualism and business. Coolidge's policies favored minimal government intervention in the economy, aligning with the laissez-faire attitudes prevalent during this time.

• After death of Harding takes over

• Renown for quotes
  • “The business of America is business”

  -A famous quote attributed to President Calvin Coolidge, signifies the dominant focus on economic growth and prosperity, particularly through private enterprise, during the 1920s. 

• Wins election of 1924
  • Coolidge 382 (Republican)
  • Davis 136 (Democrat)
  • La Follette 13 (Progressive)

  
  

Herbert Hoover

• Wins election of 1928
  • Hoover 444 (Republican)
  • Smith 87 (Democrat)

• The 31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933, during the onset of the Great Depression. He is often associated with his response to the economic crisis that began shortly after he took office, as his policies aimed at addressing the financial turmoil and restoring confidence in the American economy. Hoover's approach, which emphasized voluntary cooperation and limited government intervention, has been debated regarding its effectiveness in alleviating the suffering caused by the Great Depression.

Harlem Renaissance

• A cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, highlighting the creativity and intellectual contributions of African Americans. This movement marked a period where black artists, writers, musicians, and thinkers sought to redefine their identity and express their experiences through various forms of art, significantly impacting American culture and society

• Outburst of creative activity among African-Americans in all fields of art in the 1920s; began as discussions in Manhattan and turned into movement of African-American expression

Committee on Industrial Organization- CIO

• John L. Lewis

• Bring in unskilled workers

• Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) change the name in 1936 (1955)

• 5 million members by end of 1930s

• A federation of labor unions in the United States that aimed to organize industrial workers, particularly those in mass production industries, during the 1930s and 1940s. It played a crucial role in expanding labor rights and advocating for workers' rights amid the backdrop of the New Deal, emphasizing the need for collective bargaining and improved working conditions.

Bonus Army

• WWI vets marched to get bonus before 1945.

• MacArthur was sent in to remove them

• The group of World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups who marched on Washington, D.C. in 1932 to demand immediate cash payment of their promised bonuses, which were originally scheduled for 1945

Bank Holiday

• Banks closed March 5 – Bank Holiday

• March 9 decision
  • Strong banks could reopen with FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
  • Difficult ones still opened but with government loans and FDIC
  • Weak ones to close
  • Fireside Chat – by radio addressed the country
  • March 13 banks reopen

• Healthy, Help, No help

• Refers to a temporary closure of all banks in the United States, implemented during the Great Depression to prevent bank runs and stabilize the financial system. This measure was part of the broader New Deal initiatives, aimed at restoring public confidence in the banking sector and addressing the economic turmoil of the time. By halting all banking operations, the government could assess the financial health of banks and implement necessary reforms to ensure their stability.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

• Give subsidies to farmers who take land out of production

• Henry Wallace didn’t wait till 1934 – caused hunger issue

• Dust Bowl – 5-year drought in the middle of America

• Considered Unconstitutional in 1936 but brought back in 1938

• A New Deal legislation enacted in 1933 aimed at boosting agricultural prices by reducing surpluses. It sought to raise farm income by controlling production through the payment of subsidies to farmers who agreed to limit crop acreage and livestock numbers. This act was significant in addressing the economic distress faced by farmers during the Great Depression and played a crucial role in stabilizing the agricultural sector.

Dr. Francis Townsend

• Physician

• Townsend plan – give everyone over 60 a monthly pension of $200 to be spent within 30 days.

• A proposal put forward by Dr. Francis Townsend during the Great Depression that called for the federal government to provide monthly pensions to citizens aged 60 and older. This plan aimed to address the economic struggles faced by the elderly and stimulate the economy by encouraging retirees to spend their pensions, thus increasing demand for goods and services.

Huey Long

• Senator Louisiana

• “Share the Wealth” plan

  -Huey Long's plan, proposed in 1934, to redistribute wealth through a progressive tax system and government benefits, aiming to provide a decent standard of living for all Americans

• Guaranteed $5000 home and $2500 in annual income

• Seize all fortunes more than $5 million and 100% tax on income of $1 million +

• 3rd party possibility but was assassinated (September 10, 1935)

• Huey Long's populist program, proposed in 1934, which aimed to redistribute wealth by taxing the wealthy and using the funds for government benefits and public works to ensure a decent standard of living for all Americans

The Dust Bowl

• A severe environmental disaster during the 1930s, characterized by extreme drought and poor agricultural practices that led to massive dust storms across the Great Plains of the United States. It caused significant economic hardship for farmers and contributed to the widespread suffering during the Great Depression, as many families lost their homes and livelihoods due to the inhospitable conditions.

Indian Reorganization Act- 1934

• Enacted in 1934, aimed to reverse the assimilationist policies of the Dawes Act and restore some degree of self-governance and tribal sovereignty to Native American tribes. This legislation sought to promote the cultural identity of Native Americans while allowing tribes to create their own governments and manage their own affairs, impacting various aspects of Native American identity and governance.

“Court Packing”

• Appoint a new justice for each member over 70, up to 6

• Not too many agreed with this (even democrats)

• Didn’t matter – legislation didn’t become unconstitutional as much

• Some retired

• Hugo Black, William O’Douglas, Felix Frankfurter

• FDR's 'court-packing' plan was a proposal by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 to expand the number of justices on the Supreme Court, intending to add up to six new justices for every sitting justice over the age of 70. This controversial initiative aimed to secure favorable rulings for New Deal legislation, which had faced resistance from a conservative Supreme Court. The plan raised significant concerns about the separation of powers and judicial independence, ultimately leading to a political backlash against FDR.

Social Security Act

• 3 parts
  • Old-Aged Pension – financed
  -50% tax on employees and employers without gov. contributions
  -Federal funds for destitute elderly
  • Unemployment Compensation – federal and state
  -Employers pay a payroll tax
  -State sets benefits and local programs
  • Direct federal grants to states
  -Matching basis – welfare payments to blind, handicapped, needy elderly, dependent children

• Problems – not a lot of money to live off of and farmers and domestic
  servants not included

• Enacted in 1935, established a system of old-age benefits for workers, unemployment insurance, and aid to dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the disabled. It was a cornerstone of the New Deal, aiming to provide a safety net for Americans during the Great Depression and fundamentally altering the relationship between citizens and the federal government.

• Established a system of federal old-age benefits and unemployment insurance, funded by payroll taxes, and also provided for aid to the disabled and dependent children

Wagner Act (National Labors Relations Act)

• Outlawed company unions and unfair labor practices

• NLR Board created to preside over labor-management disputes

• Compelled management to allow collective bargaining on wages, hours,
  working conditions

• A landmark piece of labor legislation enacted in 1935 that aimed to protect workers' rights to organize and engage in collective bargaining. This act played a crucial role in the New Deal by empowering labor unions and establishing the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to oversee union elections and address unfair labor practices, thus significantly transforming the landscape of labor relations in the United States.

Lend-Lease Act

• Lend goods and weapons to countries fighting against the aggressors

• A program initiated by the United States during World War II that allowed the government to supply military aid to foreign nations deemed vital to the defense of the United States. This act marked a significant shift in American foreign policy from neutrality to active support for Allied nations, reflecting the growing recognition of the threat posed by Axis powers. Through this act, the U.S. provided essential war materials, food, and equipment, which helped bolster the military capabilities of nations fighting against Axis aggression.

Dec. 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor

• Dec. 7, 1941
  • 7:55 a.m. attack begins (without warning)
  • 183 planes attack battleships and airfields
  • 8:55 a.m. 2nd wave
  • 167 planes attack airfields

• Pearl Harbor results

  • 2335 servicemen killed 68 civilians
  • 1178 wounded
  • 8 battleships damaged (5 sunk)
  • 188 planes
  • Japanese 27 planes, 5 mini-subs
  • Declaration of War Dec. 8, 1941

• A U.S. naval base located on the island of Oahu in Hawaii, famously attacked by the Japanese on December 7, 1941. This surprise military strike led to the United States' entry into World War II, marking a pivotal moment in both American history and the global conflict.

• The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.

Battle of Midway

• Japanese code had been broken and the US set a trap.

• Midway Islands June 4-7, 1942 (TURNING POINT in the Pacific
  Theater)

• Japan had 4 carriers (Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, Hiryu)

• US had 3 carriers (Enterprise, Hornet, Yorktown)

• Decisive naval battle that took place from June 4 to June 7, 1942, during World War II, between the United States and Japan. This battle is considered a turning point in the Pacific Theater, as the U.S. Navy successfully repelled a Japanese offensive aimed at capturing Midway Atoll, significantly weakening Japanese naval power.

• U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Executive Order 9066

• February 19, 1942

• 112,000 men, women, children moved

• Could not appeal

• All lost liberties, property, homes

• A United States presidential directive signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, which authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. This order allowed for the exclusion of any person from designated military areas, leading to the forced relocation and incarceration of approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were U.S. citizens. The order reflects the wartime climate of fear and prejudice against Japanese Americans, highlighting issues of civil liberties and racial discrimination.

• Authorized the War Department to remove any Japanese person from their homes. 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Aug. 9, 1945

• Nagasaki
  • Aug. 9, 1945
  • B-29 Bock’s car
  -Dropped “Fat Man”
  -1650 ft. above sea level
  • 70,000 people died from this bomb of the 270,000
  people living in Nagasaki

• Nagasaki is a city in Japan that was the site of the second atomic bombing on August 9, 1945, during World War II. This bombing, following the attack on Hiroshima just three days earlier, played a critical role in leading to Japan's surrender and the end of the war. The impact of the Nagasaki bombing not only affected the immediate aftermath of World War II but also influenced international relations and military strategies in the subsequent years.

• The United States dropped a plutonium-based atomic bomb, nicknamed "Fat Man," on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, three days after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, significantly contributing to Japan's eventual surrender and the end of World War II. 

Aug. 6, 1945

• Hiroshima
  • Aug. 6, 1945 8:15am
  • Enola Gay B-29 bomber
  -Dropped “Little Boy”
  -Exploded 1900 ft. above Hiroshima
  • Destroyed 2/3 of the buildings about 3 miles out
  • 70,000-80,000 died another 100,000 later of the 344,000
  residence

• The United States dropped the first atomic bomb, nicknamed "Little Boy," on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, initiating the atomic age and hastening the end of World War II. 

• Hiroshima is a city in Japan that became infamous as the first target of an atomic bomb during World War II on August 6, 1945. The bombing, carried out by the United States, marked a pivotal moment in the war, leading to Japan's surrender and fundamentally altering the nature of warfare and international relations.
  

Kellogg-Briand Pact- September 27, 1928

• Outlawed war

• An international agreement that aimed to prevent war by making it illegal for countries to use war as a means of resolving disputes. It reflected the interwar period's desire for peace and stability after the devastation of World War I, promoting diplomacy and dialogue over military conflict.

Washington Conference

• 5-Power Treaty (US, GB, Italy, France, Japan)
  • Limited capital ships (battleships and aircraft carriers)
  • 5/5/3 ratio (US/GB/Japan)
  • 1.67/1.67 ratio (France/Italy)
  • Didn’t involve cruisers, destroyers, subs

• 4-Power Treaty (US, GB, France, Japan)
  • Recognized each others territory and would not threaten each other

• 9-Power Treaty
  • Keep China Open Door

• 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria

• A crucial international disarmament event where major naval powers agreed to limit their naval armaments, particularly battleships, to prevent a future arms race following World War I