Intro to Psych Chapters 9 & 10

motivation

the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.

ethology

study of animal behavior

instinct

An innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.

need

A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

drive

An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

homeostasis

The body’s tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state.

Yerkes-Dodson law

The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.

set point

The weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.

human sexual response pattern

consists of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

sexual orientation

The direction of an individual’s erotic interests

pansexual

A person’s sexual attractions do not depend on the biological sex, gender, or gender identity of others.

asexual

A person experiences a lack of sexual attraction to others and may feel no sexual orientation.

gay

A person who is generally sexually attracted to members of the same gender

heterosexual

A person who is generally sexually attracted to members of the other gender

hierarchy of needs

Maslow’s theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

self-actualization

The motivation to develop one’s full potential, highest and most elusive of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

self-determination theory

Deci and Ryan’s theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

intrinsic motivation

Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs, as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun

extrinsic motivation

Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

self-regulation

The process by which an organism effortfully controls its behavior in order to pursue important objectives.

emotion

Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression

polygraph

A machine, commonly called a lie detector, monitors changes in the body, and used to try to determine whether someone is lying

James-Lange theory

The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.

Cannon-Bard theory

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

two-factor theory of emotion

Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion is determined by physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

facial feedback hypothesis

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions and reflect them.

display rules

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

negative affect

Negative emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness.

positive affect

Pleasant emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

broaden-and-build model

Fredrickson’s model of positive emotion, stating that the function of positive emotions lies in the their effects on an individuals’s attention and ability to build resources

personality

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

psychodynamic perspectives

Theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness).

id

The part of the person that Freud called the “it,” consisting of unconscious drives; the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy.

ego

The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.

superego

The Freidian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of the individual’s behavior; what is often referred to as conscience.

defense mechanisms

tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

denial

most primitive defense mechanism, when ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities

displacement

directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target

sublimation

special form of displacement, person expresses an unconscious wish in a socially valued way

projection

we see in others those impulses that we most fear or despise in ourselves

reaction formation

when a person’s conscious experience is exactly the opposite of true unconscious desires, helps explain hypocrisy

repression

most powerful defense mechanism, pushes unacceptable impulses into the unconscious mind

oral stage

(first 18 months), pleasure is centered around the mouth at this time

anal stage

(18-36 months), pleasure centered around the anus, most children experience toilet training

phallic stage

(3-6 years), pleasure focuses on the genitals, discovery of self-stimulation

Oedipus complex

the boy’s desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother

castration anxiety

the boy’s intense fear of being mutilated by his father, this also serves as foundation for the development of the superego

castration completed

the girl’s intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son

latency period

(6 years to puberty), seen as a psychic time-out, the child sets aside all interest in sexuality

genital stage

(adolescence and adulthood), time of sexual reawakening, source of sexual pleasure shifts to someone outside of family

fixation

a particular psychosexual stage colors and indual’s adult personality

collective unconscious

Carl Jung’s term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by everyone because of common ancestral past

archetypes

Carl Jung’s term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious

individual psychology

Alfed Adler’s approach to psychology that said people are motivated by purposes and goals and not pleasure

humanistic perspectives

theoretical views stressing a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities

unconditional positive regard

Carl Rogers’s construct referring to the individual’s need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of their behavior

conditions of worth

The standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.

self concept

our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become during childhood

trait theories

Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

big five factors of personality

five broad traits that describe the main dimensions of personality; experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional instability)

neuroticism

related to feeling negative emotion more often that positive emotion

extraversion

more likely to engage in social activities

conscientiousness

key predictor of positive outcomes in a variety of life domains, if someone is high in this, they are disciplined, goal directed, and organized

traits

enduring characteristics—they represent the way your generally are

states

positive and negative moods, more briefer experiences

social cognitive perspective

Theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals

reciprocal determinism

coined by Bandura, describes the way behavior, environment, person/cognitive factors interact to create personality

internal locus of control

when we feel that we ourselves are controlling our choices and behaviors

external locus of control

when we feel that other influences are controlling our choices and behaviors

self-efficacy

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change.

delay of gratification

putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward