Unit 7 AP World

How did the Ottoman Empire collapse?

Losing wars, nationalist uprisings, economic decline due to waning agricultural economy; “The Sick Man of Europe”

Lost the Crimean War, fallen behind the industrial development of the West until 1900s when they started to catch up

Russia

what were the effects of the Ottoman Empire’s collapse?

The Republic of Turkey was established in 1923, replacing the Ottoman sultanate, modernizing reforms(adopted western laws)

Workers marched for better working conditions and improved wages and voting rights; Tsar’s troops fired on the crowd: 1,300 killed

Bloody Sunday

After hearing of Bloody Sunday, 400,000 workers refused to work; Tsar tried to appease them but thousands were killed, injured, or exiled

Revolution of 1905

Ideas began with Karl Marx, proletariat must overfthrow the bourgeoisie, wanted a revolution to reach their goals, ideologies spread rapidly in the 20th century

Communism/Communists

Describe factors that led to the decline of the Russia empire:

behind in industrial development, military failures, food shortages, and worker strikes

Describe the factors that led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in China:

Weakened from losing opium wars to Great Britain, unequal treaties caused them to be carved into spheres of influence by foreign powers who controlled trade + ports

How did WWI act as a catalyst for the end of the Russian Empire?

Russia joined the war to defend the Serbians in the Balkans who were fighting for independence from the Austrian-Hungarian Empire (since they industrialized later, they were ill-equipped to fight)

What factors led to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917?

Workers’ strikes, poor working conditions, food shortages, land was not owned by poor; Military failures

What were some of the outcomes of the Bolshevik Revolution? What changes did it bring?

Tsar Nicholas II and family were assassinated; brought upon a New Economic Policy: limiting businesses, enforced part loyalty with secret police

How did the Mexican Revolution (1910 and beyond) challenge the existing political and social order in Mexico?

Dictator Diaz presided over poor, landless peasant and jailed his opposition leader Madero; Diaz’s dictatorship, accommodation to foreign investors + opposition to land reform ignited the Mexican Revolution

Wanted to seize and redistribute land from wealthy landowners to the peasants, middle class reformed, workers, and peasants overthrew the long dictatorship of Diaz

Mexican Revolution

Goals of Mexican Revolutionaries

Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, educational reform in favor of the poor, and prohibition of child labor

Glorification of the military

Militarism (painted war in a romantic light)

What role did militarism play in causing WWI?

Glorification of the military/men are rushed to enlist, countries spent much more on weapons + military build-up after Industrial Revolution mechanized machine guns, tanks, etc.

what role did alliances play in causing WWI?

Secret alliances + pledge to defend each other

Triple Entente:

Russia, Great Britain, and France

Triple Alliance (later known as the Central Powers)

Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary

FINAL WWI Alliances:

Allies: Great Britain, France, Japan, Italy, United Sates

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

What role did nationalism play in causing WWI?

Pride is one’s own nation + some wants to break free from large empires

Slavic nationalism

What role did Balkan nationalism play in causing WWI?

Bosnia did not want to be a part of Austria-Hungary Empire; the Black Hand (Serbian territorial group) assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

What role did imperialism play in causing WWI? (How could you tie this back to the Berlin Conference?)

Competition for colonies; during the Berlin Conference Europeans fought over colonizing Africa

What role did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary play in causing WWI?

When the Black Hand assassinated Archduke, Austria-Hungary demanded an apology from Serbia, which they did not issue, so Austria declared war on Serbia then Russia came to Serbia’s defense + Austria-Hungary and Germany declared war on Russia

Involves not only the military but also entire societies, economies, and governments mobilizing to support the war effort

Total War

How did governments use propaganda to mobilize populations for the purpose of waging war?

biased media to promote or publicize a particular political point of view

What was the direct cause of the U.S. joining the war?

“Neutral” U.S was secretly sending war supplies to the British via passenger ships, Germany continued to sink these ships thereby violating US neutrality

What new military technology used in WWI led to increased levels of wartime casualties?

poison gas, machine guns, submarines, tanks, and airplanes

What were some Post WWI changes in society?

Capitalism was thriving, Women in Germany, GB, Turkey and the U.S. gained the right to vote, Henry Ford introduced the assembly line for automobiles

A global economic downturn that officially started in October 1929 caused by the US stock market crash and debt for WWI

Great Depression

A government where the state tries to control all aspects of public and private life

Totalitarianism

centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose polices glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights

Fascism

How did FDR’s New Deal attempt to intervene in the U.S economy?

Used Keynesian economic ideas to create policies + programs

Spending more than the government takes in in order to stimulate the economy

How did the U.S. emerge from the Great Depression?

Military spending in WWI

How did the economic crisis of the Great Depression contribute to the totalitarian governments?

Italy, Germany, Japan all embraced totalitarian government to centralize authority or take control of the economic recovery (public building projects, putting people to work, etc.)

What were the goals of Stalin’s Five Year Plans?

-transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power

-took control of all farmland (collectivization)

-businesses came under government control

What were the outcomes of Stalin’s Five Year plan?

millions of peasants starved to death, industry grew lots of factory jobs

Give 2 specific examples of how different governments responded to economic crisis after 1900:

Russia turned to Communism in Russian Revolution

Bolsheviks promised peace, land, and bread (Communists took control of economy)

What were the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty?

Harshly punished Germany—→ signed War Guilt Clause; had to pay billions of dollars in war reparations for damage, give up all colonies, and restrict the size of its armed forces

How did these terms create political and economic tensions in the 1920s and 1930s?

Germany was already in economic crisis + war payments put them further into debt + caused Germans to be bitter + resentful to Allies

What are the League of Nations mandates?

After WWI, League of Nations established a mandate system to rule the colonies + territories of the defeated Central Powers

a puppet state in the Chinese province of Manchuria so they could use Chinese resources

Manchcukuo

What was Japan’s vision for a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and how would this lead to tension causing WWII?

set up rival empire in the Pacific to compete with British + U.S power; seized the Philippines from the U.S and took Dutch East Inndies