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Flashcards covering key concepts and definitions related to the essence of psychology.
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Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Goals of Psychology
The four goals are description, explanation, prediction, and control.
Structuralism
A school of psychology founded by Edward Titchener that focuses on the structure of the mind.
Functionalism
A school of psychology founded by William James that focuses on how mental processes help individuals function in the environment.
Gestalt Psychology
A perspective in psychology that emphasizes the whole of perception rather than the sum of its parts.
Behaviorism
An approach in psychology that studies observable behavior and disregards mental processes.
Psychoanalysis
A clinical approach founded by Sigmund Freud that studies the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
Scientific Method
A systematic process for testing ideas through observations and experiments.
Correlation Research
A method that measures the relationship between two or more variables.
Experimental Research
A method that allows researchers to determine cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating independent variables.
Human Development
A lifelong process of physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and language changes due to nature and nurture.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational, describing how children's thinking evolves.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
A theory proposing eight stages, each characterized by a psychological crisis that must be resolved.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Three levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional, each with two stages.
Developmental Psychology
The study of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes throughout the lifespan.
Clinical Psychology
A branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders.
Counseling Psychology
A field that assists individuals with less severe psychological issues compared to clinical psychology.