APUSH Period 7 [PART 2]

Flappers

The liberated 'new woman' who wore short dresses and lots of makeup, drank alcohol (illegal) and smoked, seen as symbols of solidarity, representing a shift in the status of women.

Lost Generation

Group of intellectuals who believed the world had been permanently altered after WWI, worried about the consumer culture's effect on individuality and relationship with God.

New Negro

Concept created by prominent black writers, referring to the second generation of African Americans born after emancipation who refused white supremacy and took pride in their own culture, demanding full participation in society.

Harlem Renaissance

Influx of southern black migrants to Harlem sparked a cultural renaissance where writers and musicians expressed their culture.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

Established by Marcus Mosiah Garvey, set up in Jamaica, promoted racial separation and black business owners, and initiated the 'Back to Africa' movement.

Marcus Garvey

Founded UNIA and wanted to repatriate blacks, established the Black Star Line company which sent many African Americans to Africa to help overthrow colonial powers and uplift black people.

Fundamentalists

LA churchgoers who created booklets stating that the Bible needs to be translated literally, believing it has a true account of human development, and spread their beliefs through radio and revivals throughout the Bible Belt.

Scopes Trial

A school in Dayton, TN taught the theory of evolution despite state law prohibiting it, becoming the trial of the century; Scopes was ruled guilty, but the ruling was later overturned.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

A botched robbery in Braintree, MA that killed two employees, with Sacco and Vanzetti accused; the trial centered around their Italian origins rather than the crime itself, leading to their conviction and execution.

National Origins Act

Quota system for immigration that limited entry by a group to 2% of the number of people of that group who lived in the US in 1890, aiming to limit Eastern Europeans.

Indian Citizenship Act

Granted citizenship and the right to vote to all American Indians, but most remained outside the influence of US policy and did not vote anyway.

Resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan

Received a membership boost from the growing nativist movement, branching out to discriminate against African Americans, Catholics, and Jews, promoting '100% Americanism'.

KKK Scandal

The decline of the KKK began after a prominent leader was accused of sexual assault, leading to revelations of bribes and corruption within the KKK and the government.

Democratic Divide

The 1924 election exposed problems in the Democratic Party, highlighting the divide between urban and rural Democrats over prohibition.

Black Tuesday

October 9, 1929, when stock market prices plummeted.

October 9, 1929

Stock market prices plummeted, investors couldn't repay banks for the money they'd taken.

Great Depression

Lasted from 29 - 39, not caused solely by Black Tuesday; flawed economic system in the US was destined to fail.

Overextension of credit

Had implications for the global economy too; US was a major player.

Hawley-Smoot tariff

Increased tariffs on agricultural and industrial imports, leading to higher prices for Americans.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Founded by Hoover, funded banks, RRs, and insurance companies that were struggling.

Dust Bowl

Area in the US subject to frequent harsh dust storms, destroying crops and animals.

Scottsboro Nine

Accused of rape and convicted by an all-white jury; spared from the death penalty by the Supreme Court.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

Granted independence to the Philippines and restricted Filipino immigration to the US.

Bonus Army

Angry WWI vets marched to Washington to demand their bonus checks of 1k; around 20k vets camped in DC.

New Deal

Roosevelt's vague pledge promising a new deal for the nation, involving lots of experimentation in the government.

Emergency Banking Act

Roosevelt shut down the banks temporarily to calm the panic and subjected banks to inspection by the treasury department.

Glass-Steagall Act

Created the FDIC, insured savings accounts up to 5k, and separated commercial banking from investment banking.

Twenty-first Amendment

Ended prohibition, allowing the government to make more money by taxing the sale of alcohol.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Raised prices for farmers by reducing production and paying farmers to produce less.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Brought low-cost electricity to rural areas as part of a plan to develop the Tennessee River Valley.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Allowed businesses and the public to create codes to regulate prices, wages, hours, etc.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Provided jobs and improved infrastructure during the Great Depression.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Helped rebuilt nations infrastructure Built many dams, schools, municipal buildings, ports, hospitals

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Recruited men to help plant trees and clean up green spaces Paid 1 dollar a day, 25 send directly to families each month Around 2.5 million men employed, most popular of new deal programs

Francis Townsend

Retired cali physician Formed the old age revolving pensions corp in 1934 Gave retired americans over 60 a monthly pension of $200 Townshend clubs attracted some 3.5 million people

Charles Coughlin

Talked about econ and political issues over radio Thought the new deal catered to bankers Spoke about the evils of the roosevelt administration, communists, and jews

Huey Long

Successfully ran a political machine as governor and senator Greatest threat to roosevelt Founded the share our wealth society

Share Our Wealth society

Gave families a 5k homestead and 2k annual salary Got money from taxing the rich Societies gained around 7 million members Long was shot and killed before he could run for pres

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Provided jobs for unemployed Similar to CWA but much larger budget Built public buildings, airports, roads, and bridges Employed around 8.5 million

Social Security Act

At 65, workers would receive extra payments funded by payroll taxes Also gave unemployment insurance

National Labor Relations Act

Established the natl labor relations board Protected the right of workers to unionize

Fair Labor Standards Act

Established a minimum wage (40 cents an hour) Max working hours at 40 a week

Indian Reorganization Act

Got rid of dawes act Allows self government for people living on rezs Extended tribal lands Upheld native customs and traditions

Court-packing plan

Roosevelt wanted more support for his new deal legislation Asked congress to expand supreme court Claimed it was more reform and that the 9 member court couldnt handle the work Really he just wanted to pack it with his supporters Plan backfired, roosevelt got called out for what he was doing Roosevelt lost support and alienated his allies in congress

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Outlawed war as a tool for natl policy Ultimately unenforceable US participated in it, signed it

Isolationism

US policy of noninvolvement in foreign affairs US didnt really stop being involved but just refused international treaties like the LoN Limited US freedom of action

Nye Committee

Series of senate investigations led by Gerald Nye, ND Concluded that bankers and munitions producers drove the US into WWI in a conspiracy to make money Appealed to anti-business sentiment during the depression

Neutrality Acts

Passed by congress to make it difficult for the US to join european wars Prohibited sale of munitions Authorized travel advisories during wartime Banned private loans to warring nations

Cash and carry provisions

Nations at war had to pay for US goods in cash and transport everything on their own ships

Appeasement

Britain and France let Hitler take increasingly larger portions of land Worried that if they stood up, it would cause a war (economies not ready for another one) Rhineland -> Austria -> Sudetenland -> Czechoslovakia

America First Committee

Isolationist organization, didnt want to be involved in the war Blamed certain groups for promoting war Bankers, british sympathizers, jews

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

Peacetime military draft Registered over 16 million men

Lend-Lease Act

Registered over 16 million men, undid the cash and carry provisions, US lent and leased military equipment to Britain, did not expect it returned.

Undeclared naval war

Naval conflict between the US and Germany, marked by Germany's increased U-boat warfare to sink US ships.

Atlantic Charter

Statement of war goals that included free trade, freedom of the seas, and 'freedom from fear and want'.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor naval base in Honolulu that ended American isolationism and rallied American support for war.

War Powers Act

Allowed the president to reorganize federal agencies as he saw fit, passed by Congress after the Pearl Harbor attack.

War Production Board

Oversaw the war economy, made deals with large companies, and suspended antitrust laws to allow companies to expand.

Military-industrial complex

Relationship between the government and businesses that produced goods for war, having a major impact on the economy going forward.

Tuskegee Airmen

All black fighter pilot unit at the Tuskegee Institute, distinguished pilots among 700k African Americans who served in the armed forces but were segregated.

WACS and WAVES

140k in WACS (Women's Army Corps) and 100k in WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service), women served as nurses, clerics, and transport drivers.

Rosie the Riveter

Propaganda poster showing a strong woman supporting the war effort by working in a factory, though women were not seen as vital workers.

Fair Employment Practice Committee

Investigated racial injustices in the armed forces and aimed to give African Americans a larger share in jobs in key industries.

Double V

Symbol for African Americans fighting for 'Two victories,' for black rights at home and overseas.

Congress of Racial Equality

Protested racial inequality in public settings, using 'sit-ins' to challenge businesses that segregated.

Braceros

Contract laborers allowed to come to the US for a limited time to work at farms and factories, with little control over their living/working conditions.

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Middle class group of Latin Americans that challenged racial injustice in public settings, primarily using negotiation but also resorting to boycotts.

Zoot suit riots

Riots that occurred when sailors attacked Mexican Americans wearing zoot suits, leading to four days of violence and military intervention.

Internment

Forced relocation and detainment of Italians, Germans, and Japanese in the US, mostly affecting Japanese Americans.

Executive Order 9066

Authorized the military on the west coast to intern Japanese American families, who lived in camps in midwest states.

Korematsu v United States

Fred Korematsu refused to report for internment, was arrested, and found guilty of evading the evacuation order, sentenced to 5 years probation.