Module 1 Pathophysiology Terms

Acidic Blood

When the pH is less than 7.35

Alkaline Blood

When the pH is greater than 7.45

Fluid volume overload (FVO) is also known as…

Edema

Fluid volume deficit (FVD) is also known as…

Dehydration

Renin

An enzyme produced by the kidneys that promotes peripheral vasoconstriction and then the release of aldosterone

Angiotensin II

The main mediator of the physiologic effects of RAAS, which include blood pressure, volume regulation, and aldosterone secretion

Aldosterone

• A salt-saving hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) and water reabsorption from the renal tubule

RAAS organs, glands, and tissues

• Kidneys

• Liver

• Blood Vessels

• Lungs

• Adrenal Glands

• Pituitary Gland

• Hypothalamus

Anabolism

Set of metabolic pathways that synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones

Catabolism

Set of metabolic pathways that break larger molecules into smaller ones

Diffusion

Solute molecules move from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Solvent molecules move from high to low concentration

Osmolarity

The concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles of solute particles per liter of solution, depends on temperature and pressure

Osmolality

The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram, doesn’t depend on temperature and pressure

Tonicity

A measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient across a cell membrane, the ability of a solution to make water move in or out of a cell by osmosis

Atrophy

Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size (can be physiologic or pathologic)

Hypertrophy

Increase in size of cells (can be physiologic or pathologic)

Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells due to increased rate of cellular division

• hyperplasia and hypertrophy often occur together*

Dysplasia

Abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells

Dry Gangrene

Occurs when blood flow to a specific area is reduced or stopped, leading to tissue death without infection

Wet Gangrene

Has a bacterial infection in the affected tissue

Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure exerted by the fluid on the walls of the blood vessels

Oncotic Pressure (colloid osmotic)

Pressure from plasma proteins

Food Sources for Sodium

• Any processed food

• Cured meats

• Snacks

• Pickled foods

• Frozen foods

• Canned foods

• Tomato Juice

Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

Low and high sodium levels

Food Sources for Chloride

• Cheese

• Milk

• Crab

• Fish

• Dates

Food Sources for Calcium

• Dairy

• Fish with small bones

• Meats

• Dark green veggies

Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia

Low and high calcium levels

Food Sources for Magnesium

• Green veggies

• Whole grains

• Nuts

• Fish and other seafood

Hypomagnesemia and Hypermagnesemia

Low and high magnesium levels

Food Sources for Phosphorus

• Whole grains

• Cereal

• Dairy

• Eggs

• Legumes

• Meats

• Carbonated beverages

Hypophosphatemia and Hyperphosphatemia

Low and high phosphorus levels

Food Sources for Potassium

• Bananas

• Tea

• Cola

• Fruit juices (especially orange)

• Dried figs

• Peaches

• Tomato juice

• Dry nuts

• Raisins

• Potatoes

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

Low and high potassium levels

Hypoxia

Low levels of oxygen

Apoptosis

An active process of cellular self-destruction (programmed cell death)

Somatic death

Death of the entire person

Intracellular Fluid

The largest fluid compartment in the body

Normal Serum Osmolality Levels

275-295

High Serum Osmolality signals…

Dehydration (Too much solute in proportion to fluid)

• Can result from hyperglycemia and hypernatremia

Low Serum Osmolality signals…

Overhydration (Too much fluid in proportion to solute)

• can lead to hyponatremia

Sodium

Promotes water retention

Albumin

Maintains osmotic pressure

ADH

• Secreted when there is a decrease in ECF or an increase in plasma osmolality

• Promotes water reabsorption