Actual causation and proximate cause- torts

But for test

the defendant’s conduct is an actual cause if the conduct is a direct antecedent to the injury, before the injury

concurrent cause test

multiple acts or forces combined caused the injury and neither force alone would have caused the injury

substantial factor test

multiple acts or forces combined causes the injury but either force alone would have been sufficient to cause the injury and it is impossible to tell which force caused what portion

alternative cause

the burden it shift to each possible cause to show that the causer’s particular act of negligence was no the actual cause

foreseeable intervening forces

that arise as a result of the negligent conduct will not defeat proximate cause

unforeseeable intervening forces

that arise of natural cause will defeat proximate cause

superseding cause

an intervening force that is not a foreseeable result of the defendant’s conduct