Final exam phylogeny

Humerus and femur

Sarcopterygii

Vertebrae

Vertebrata

Zygapophases

tetrapoda

Paird fins

gnathostomes

At least one cervical vertebrae

tetrapoda

Axis vertebrae

amniota

Limbs with digits

Tetrapoda

Limbs placed under body

Mammalia and Aves

Disctinct trunk and tail regions of vertebrae

gnathostomata

Limb girdles inside of ribcage

testudines

Caudal vertebrae fused into pygostyle

Aves

Atlas vertebrae

tetrapoda

Scapula with spine

Theria

Paired appendages

gnathostomata

Chondrocranium

vertebrata

Jaws

Gnathostomata

Thecodont teeth

Mammalia and Archosauria

Teeth

Gnathostomata

Stomach

Gnathostomata

Distinct small and large intestine

Tetrapoda

Secondary palate

Mammalia and crocodilia

Dentary-squamosal jaw joint

Mammalia

Moveable, muscular tongue

tetrapoda

Three middle ear bones

mammalia

Thick stratum corneum of epidermis

amniota

Fur

mammalia

feathers

aves

Hyomandibular is columella or stapes

tetrapoda

Distinct temporalis and masseter muscle

mammalia

First branchial arch forms palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilage

Gnathostomes

Teeth typically diphyodon or monophyodont

mammalia

1st and 2nd aortic arch lost or modified

Osteichthyes

Aspiration breathing

amniota

Pulmonary artery from 6th aortic arch

Rhipidistia

Hypaxial muscles used in exhalation

tetrapoda

Ureter

Amniota

Four-chambered heart

Mammalia and aves

Reproductive ducts for transporting gametes

Gnathostomata

Loss of right systemic aortic trunk

Mammalia

Archinephric duct transports sperm and not urine

amniota

Atrium divided into separate left and right chambers

tetrapoda

Lungs

Osteichthyes

Foramen of Panizza

Crocodilia

Choanae (internal nostils)

Rhipidistia

Loss of left systemic aortic trunk

Aves

Cutaneous respiration

Lissamphibia

Left systemic aortic trunk only

Mammalia

Conus arteriosus

Gnathostomata